Sohel Bhai MBBS

Endocrine System In One Shot

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Types Of Catheter

RFT (Renal Function Test)

Definition

Renal Function Test (RFT) is a group of blood and urine tests used to assess how well the kidneys are functioning. It helps diagnose kidney diseases, monitor treatment, and evaluate overall kidney health.

Parameters Included in RFT

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) / Urea

Creatinine

Uric Acid

Sodium (Na⁺)

Potassium (K⁺)

Chloride (Cl⁻)

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

Principle

Healthy kidneys remove waste products and maintain electrolyte balance. Impaired kidney function causes increased levels of waste products such as urea and creatinine in the blood.

Specimen

Venous blood sample

Urine sample (if required)

Procedure

1. Collect blood sample in a plain tube.

2. Separate serum by centrifugation.

3. Analyze urea, creatinine, uric acid, and electrolytes using an automated chemistry analyzer.

4. Calculate eGFR from serum creatinine.

Normal Range

Parameter Normal Range

Urea 15–40 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.6–1.3 mg/dL
Uric Acid 3.5–7.2 mg/dL
Sodium 135–145 mmol/L
Potassium 3.5–5.0 mmol/L
eGFR >90 mL/min/1.73m²

Clinical Significance

Diagnoses kidney disease

Monitors chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Evaluates dehydration

Detects electrolyte imbalance

Assesses kidney damage due to diabetes or hypertension

Interpretation

Normal Result

Kidney function is normal.

Abnormal Result

Increased urea and creatinine indicate impaired kidney function.

Abnormal electrolytes suggest kidney dysfunction or fluid imbalance.

Advantages

Simple and reliable

Early detection of kidney disease

Useful for monitoring treatment

Disadvantages

Abnormal results may occur due to dehydration or certain medications

Further tests may be needed to confirm diagnosis

Liver Function Test (LFT)

Definition

Liver Function Test (LFT) is a group of blood tests used to evaluate the function and health of the liver. These tests measure liver enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin levels in the blood.

LFT helps diagnose liver diseases, monitor liver damage, and assess treatment response.

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Principle

The liver produces enzymes and proteins that are released into the blood. Damage to liver cells causes abnormal levels of these substances.

LFT measures:

Liver enzymes

Bilirubin

Proteins

Abnormal values indicate liver dysfunction or injury.

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Objectives

1. To assess liver function.

2. To diagnose liver diseases.

3. To detect liver cell damage.

4. To monitor liver treatment.

5. To evaluate jaundice and hepatitis.

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Specimen

Venous blood sample

Serum separated from blood

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Components of LFT

1. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT)

Enzyme mainly found in liver cells.

Normal Range

7–56 U/L

Increased In

Hepatitis

Fatty liver disease

Liver injury

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2. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/SGOT)

Enzyme found in liver, heart, and muscles.

Normal Range

5–40 U/L

Increased In

Liver disease

Muscle injury

Heart disease

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3. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

Enzyme associated with bile ducts.

Normal Range

44–147 U/L

Increased In

Bile duct obstruction

Liver disease

Bone disorders

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4. Bilirubin

Yellow pigment produced from breakdown of RBCs.

Normal Range

Total bilirubin: 0.3–1.2 mg/dL

Increased In

Jaundice

Hepatitis

Liver obstruction

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5. Albumin

Major protein produced by liver.

Normal Range

3.5–5.0 g/dL

Decreased In

Chronic liver disease

Malnutrition

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6. Total Protein

Measures total blood proteins.

Normal Range

6.0–8.3 g/dL

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7. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

Enzyme related to bile ducts and alcohol use.

Normal Range

9–48 U/L

Increased In

Alcoholic liver disease

Biliary obstruction

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Materials Required

Syringe or vacutainer

Plain blood collection tube

Centrifuge

Biochemistry analyzer

LFT reagent kit

Micropipette

Gloves and cotton

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Procedure

1. Collect venous blood sample using aseptic technique.

2. Transfer blood into plain tube.

3. Allow blood to clot.

4. Centrifuge to separate serum.

5. Load serum into analyzer.

6. Add appropriate reagents.

7. Measure enzyme and protein levels.

8. Record and interpret results.

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Observation

Elevated liver enzymes indicate liver cell damage.

Increased bilirubin may cause jaundice.

Low albumin suggests chronic liver dysfunction.

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Clinical Significance

Increased ALT and AST

Seen in:

Viral hepatitis

Fatty liver

Liver injury

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Increased ALP and GGT

Seen in:

Bile duct obstruction

Cholestatic liver disease

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Increased Bilirubin

Seen in:

Jaundice

Hemolytic disease

Hepatitis

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Decreased Albumin

Seen in:

Liver cirrhosis

Chronic liver disease

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Symptoms Suggesting LFT

Jaundice

Abdominal pain

Fatigue

Nausea

Dark urine

Loss of appetite

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Precautions

1. Use sterile equipment.

2. Avoid hemolysis of sample.

3. Separate serum properly.

4. Follow analyzer instructions carefully.

5. Store reagents correctly.

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Result Interpretation

LFT Finding Interpretation

High ALT/AST Liver cell damage
High ALP/GGT Bile duct problem
High bilirubin Jaundice/liver dysfunction
Low albumin Chronic liver disease

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Advantages

Detects liver disease early

Helps monitor treatment

Useful in diagnosis of jaundice and hepatitis

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Limitations

Abnormal results may occur in non-liver diseases.

Further tests may be needed for confirmation.

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Conclusion

Liver Function Test (LFT) is an important biochemical investigation used to evaluate liver health and diagnose liver disorders. It plays a major role in monitoring liver disease, jaundice, hepatitis, and treatment response.

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