CHEW DIMMA

Embryo Development

Embryo development is the early stage of human growth that begins right after fertilization and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, a single cell transforms into a tiny, complex organism with the foundation of all major organs.

1. Fertilization (Week 1)
• Development begins when a s***m cell fertilizes an egg cell to form a single cell called a zygote.
• The zygote divides rapidly as it travels down the fallopian tube, becoming a blastocyst, which implants itself into the uterine wall.

2. Implantation & Early Growth (Weeks 2–3)
• Once attached to the uterus, the blastocyst receives nourishment from the mother.
• Cells begin to specialize, forming the placenta (for nourishment and waste removal) and the embryo itself.
• The three primary layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, develop, which later form skin, organs, muscles, bones, and the nervous system.

3. Formation of Organs (Weeks 4–5)
• The heart begins to beat around week 4.
• The neural tube (future brain and spinal cord) forms.
• Limb buds appear, marking the beginning of arms and legs.

4. Rapid Development (Weeks 6–8)
• Facial features (eyes, nose, mouth) start to take shape.
• Tiny fingers and toes begin forming.
• Internal organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs, continue developing.
• By the end of the 8th week, the embryo has a clearly recognizable human form.

By the end of this period, the embryo officially becomes a fetus, ready for further growth and refinement throughout pregnancy.

CERVICAL CANCER
This is Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and va**na).
RISK FACTORS:
Risk factors for cervical cancer include:
1:Cigarette smoking
2:Immuno-suppression as in HIV infection.
3: Poor economic status (may not be able to afford regular Pap smears)
4: Sexual partners who have multiple partners
5: Chlamydia infection
6: Poor diet
7: Multiple s*xual partners.
6:Family history of cervical cancer

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Early cervical cancer has no symptoms.
1: Vaginal bleeding between periods, after in*******se, or after menopause.
2: Any bleeding after menopause
3: Continuous va**nal discharge.
4: Me**es become heavier and last longer than usual
5: Back pain
6: Fatigue
7: Leaking of urine or f***s from the va**na
8: Loss of appetite.
9: Pelvic pain

PREVENTION:
1:HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. ...
2:Timing of HPV vaccination.
3: Cervical cancer screening.
4:Condoms when having s*x with your partner
5: Male Circumcision.

Prioritise Cervical cancer screening for early detection and treatment.

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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ACCORDING TO -burns according to severity

First-Degree Burns (Superficial)

1. Redness (erythema)
2. Mild swelling
3. Pain or tenderness
4. Dry skin

Second-Degree Burns (Partial Thickness)

1. Red or mottled skin
2. Swelling
3. Blisters
4. Severe pain
5. Moist or weeping skin

Third-Degree Burns (Full Thickness)

1. White, charred, or leathery skin
2. Dry and waxy appearance
3. Little or no pain (due to nerve damage)
4. Swelling
5. Scarring likely

Systemic Symptoms (for severe burns)

1. Shock (low blood pressure, rapid pulse)
2. Difficulty breathing (if inhalation injury is involved)
3. Weakness or confusion
4. Fever or chills (especially if infection sets in)

COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTITIONER

TOPIC ASTHMA
(a) DEFINE ASTHMA - 5%
Asthma is an intermittent, reversible obstructive airway disease characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi due to various stimuli manifested by narrowing of the air way, resulting in dyspnoea, cough and wheezing.
(b) STATE FIVE (5) CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS STHE PATIENT MAY PRESENT WITH - 15%
(i) Chest tightness and shortness of breath due to exposure to an allergen or irritant such as dust, smoke etc which cause inflammation of the airway.
(ii) Wheezing which is resolved on auscultation especially during expiration
(iii) Use of accessory of breathing due to marked respiratory effort.
(iv) Cyanosis due to impaired gaseous exchange
(v) Coughing in an attempt to clear the airway because of bronchospasims.
(vi) Rapid pulse (tarchycardia) of over 120/min due to narrowing of the airways

(c) DISCUSS THE MANAGEMENT UNTIL DISCHARGE UNDNER THE FOLLOWING:-
(i) MEDICAL MANAGEMENT 20%
INVESTIGATIONS 20%
- Take specific history on the possible precipitators and any medication given at home
- Take blood for arterial blood gases which will reveal the status of exygenation and acid base balance-respiratory acidosis present.
- Chest x-ray will reveal lung hyper inflation and flat diaphragm due to increased intrathoracic volume.
- Sputum for C/S
- Pulmonary function test to evaluate the degree of obstruction.
TREATMENT – 15%
- Administer inhaled beta, agonists which stimulate the beta adrenagic receptors and dilate the airways
- Administer bronchoditators
- Administer oxygen
(i) OXYGEN
- Administer humidified o2 via nasal prongs
(ii) Bronchochitators
- Adrenaline subantenous
NURSING MANAGEMENT - 35%

OBJECTIVES/AIMS - 3%
- To promote effective breathing
- To allinate anxiety
- To promote effective expectoration
- To prevent infection
- To relieve symptoms
RESUSCITATION - 5%
- Admit on the acute bay where there is administer prescribed adrenaline to dilate the bronchioles
- Administer hydrocortisone to suppress release of histamine by most cells.
- Administer half strength…………….. with 5% dextrose to collect acidosis and hypoglycaema
- Administer 02 to overcome obstruction
ENVIRONMENT - 4%
- Well ventilated and clean room
- Acute bay for close observation
- Provide pillows that do not have dust and feather
- Maintain normal environmental temperatures.
POSITION:
- Nurse in a cardiac bed to promote comfort
- Nurse in sitting position supported by a back rest to promote full lung expansion.
(d) Discuss six points you include in your IEC on prevention asthmatic attach
DISCUSS FIVE (5) POINTS IN YOUR IEC BEFORE DISCHARGE ON PREVENTION OF ASTHMATIC ATTACK - 25%
(i) Keeping home environment free from dust or irritants. 5%
• To enclose mattresses and pillows with air tight plastics
• Avoid using insecticides other sprays in the house/home
• Blankets and clothes that have been stored should be thoroughly aired before use.
(II) AVOID Irritating Odours - 5%
• Irritating odours like paint, to***co smoke should be THOROUGHLY AIRED BEFORE USE.
(ii) avoid irritating odours – 5%
• Irritating odours like paint, to***co smoke should be avoided
• Avoid over crowed places

(iii) Avoid carbonated drinks 5%
• Such as ginger ale and colas especially when wheezing
(iv) Regular medical checks ups:
• Advise strict adherence to medication regime
• Give prompt attention when infection is present new or progressive respiratory symptoms appear.

(v) Psychological Equilibrrium - 5%
• To advise patient to always maintain emotion calm and at ease
• To avoid keeping conflict or frustrating issues to himself but to share it with other people so as to avoid triggering asthma.
(vi) Adequate rest.
• To have adequate rest, which is good for the body and it promotes a free mind. Thereby prevent attacks caused by stress.
(vii) Good Nutrition and Adequate oral fluids: 5%
• Good nutrition promotes optimum health
• Adequate hydration aids in keeping secretions from thickening and thus easy to expectorate them.
(viii) Breathing Exercises 5%
• Teach patient on non strainous breathing exercises as these tend to make bronchioles and free of obstructing secretions.
THE END
IS POWER
HEALTH PRACTITIONERS

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