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๐งฌ Empowering medical laboratory scientists with practical, real-time clinical knowledge.
Elevating lab excellence through expert MCQ preparation, high-yield insights, and daily study guides. ๐งช
01/10/2026
๐จ ๐ช๐๐๐ง ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐๐๐ ๐ฅ๐๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ง? + ๐ฆ๐๐๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐จ๐๐ - ๐ ๐จ๐ฆ๐ง ๐๐ก๐ข๐ช ๐๐ข๐ฅ ๐๐ฉ๐๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐๐๐ ๐ง๐๐๐! ๐จ
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ ๐ช๐๐๐ง ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐๐๐ ๐ฅ๐๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ง / ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐๐๐ ๐ฉ๐๐๐จ๐?
๐ ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐๐น๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐ฎ ๐น๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐๐ฎ๐น๐๐ฒ ๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ต๐ถ๐ด๐ต ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐๐ผ ๐น๐ผ๐ ๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐๐๐๐-๐ง๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ง๐๐ก๐๐ก๐ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ป๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐ ๐ถ๐บ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป!
๐๐ณ ๐ป๐ผ๐ ๐ถ๐ป๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ๐บ๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ถ๐ป ๐ฏ๐ฌ ๐บ๐ถ๐ป, ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ป ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐น๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐๐ถ๐น๐น ๐ฏ๐ฒ ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฝ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ฏ๐น๐ฒ.
๐๐
๐ฎ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ฒ๐:
๐+ >๐ฒ.๐ฑ ๐ผ๐ฟ
Highly icteric sample ๐ก Bilirubin 24 mg/dL
Flagged out of range - Run in DECREASED mode on Cobas c303
Auto-dilution done, result obtained โ
No manual dilution!
30/09/2026
๐งช ๐ฆ๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐จ๐ง๐๐ข๐ก - ๐ง๐๐ ๐ ๐ข๐ฆ๐ง ๐๐ฆ๐๐๐ ๐ง๐ข๐ฃ๐๐ ๐๐ก ๐ฉ๐๐ฉ๐! ๐งช
๐ฆ๐ถ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ฒ ๐๐ฒ๐ณ๐ถ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป + ๐ฃ๐๐ฟ๐ฝ๐ผ๐๐ฒ + ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ก:
๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ถ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ถ๐ ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฝ-๐ฏ๐-๐๐๐ฒ๐ฝ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฎ ๐๐ฎ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ฒ ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ถ๐ป ๐ฎ ๐๐ฒ๐พ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ.
๐๐
๐ฎ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ฒ: 1ml serum + 9ml saline = 1:10, then 1ml from 1:10 + 9ml saline = 1:100, then 1:1000...
๐๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฝ ๐ถ๐ 1/10 ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐๐!
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฏ ๐ฃ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฃ๐ข๐ฆ๐ - ๐ช๐๐ฌ ๐ช๐ ๐๐ข ๐๐ง?
๐ญ. ๐ง๐ข ๐๐๐ง ๐๐ข๐จ๐ก๐ง๐๐๐๐ ๐ฅ๐๐ก๐๐
Bacteria too many to count? Dilute it!
Original urine has 10^8 bacteria - Can't count. Dilute to 1:10000 = 10^4 = Countable.
๐ฎ. ๐ง๐ข ๐๐ฅ๐๐ก๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฉ๐๐๐จ๐ ๐๐ก ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ ๐ฅ๐๐ก๐๐
Your analyzer reads up to 40 mg/dL for Bilirubin but patient has 80 mg/dL = Error! Dilute 1:2, read 40, then x2 = 80.
๐ฏ. ๐ง๐ข ๐๐๐ก๐ ๐ง๐๐ง๐ฅ๐ / ๐๐ก๐ ๐ฃ๐ข๐๐ก๐ง
Widal, ASO, CRP, VDRL - We do serial dilution to find highest dilution where reaction still positive = Titre.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
โญ ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ข๐ฅ๐ง๐๐ก๐๐ - ๐ช๐๐ฌ ๐๐ง'๐ฆ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐?
โ
๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ข๐๐ข๐๐ฌ: Urine culture colony count, Bacterial load in water / food
โ
๐ฆ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ข๐๐ฌ: Widal titre 1:160, 1:320, CRP 1:8, 1:16
โ
๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฆ๐ง๐ฅ๐ฌ: Diluting high sample - Glucose, Bilirubin, Enzymes
โ
๐๐๐ ๐๐ง๐ข๐๐ข๐๐ฌ: RBC / WBC counting by hemocytometer - 1:200 dilution
โ
๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ / ๐ฃ๐๐ฅ: Making standard curve - 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 dilutions
๐ก๐ผ ๐๐ถ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป = ๐ก๐ผ ๐๐ผ๐๐ป๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด = ๐ก๐ผ ๐ง๐ถ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ!
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ง ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ ๐จ๐๐ ๐๐ข๐ฅ ๐๐ซ๐๐ :
๐๐ญ๐ฉ๐ญ = ๐๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฎ
๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ผ๐ป๐ฐ = (๐๐ป๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ผ๐ป๐ฐ / ๐ง๐ผ๐๐ฎ๐น ๐ฉ๐ผ๐น) ๐
๐ฉ๐ผ๐น ๐ง๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ป๐๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฑ
๐๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐น๐๐ฎ๐๐: ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐๐๐น๐ = ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐
๐๐ถ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ผ๐ฟ
๐๐
๐ฎ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ฒ: You diluted 1:10 and machine shows 20 mg/dL
๐ง๐ฟ๐๐ฒ ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐๐๐น๐ = 20 x 10 = 200 mg/dL
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐๐ฉ๐ ๐ค๐จ๐๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ข๐ก:
๐ค: Why serial dilution not direct dilution?
๐: To get accuracy! Directly making 1:10000 has big error. Step-wise 1:10 x 1:10 x 1:10 x 1:10 = 1:10000 is more accurate.
๐ฆ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ ๐ฝ๐ผ๐๐ - ๐๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ถ๐ป ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ง / ๐ ๐๐ง ๐ฒ๐
๐ฎ๐บ! ๐
๐งฌ ๐๐๐ง ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐๐ฅ - ๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐๐ข๐ก๐๐จ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ก ๐๐๐๐๐ฅ! ๐งฌ
๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ ๐ ๐๐ง ๐ฆ๐๐๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ถ๐!
Same patient, 3 different reports? Why? ๐
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ญ. ๐๐๐ง - ๐๐บ๐๐ป๐ผ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฟ๐ผ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐ผ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฝ๐ต๐ถ๐ฐ ๐ง๐ฒ๐๐ (๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฝ / ๐๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฒ)
๐ช๐๐๐ง ๐๐ง ๐๐ข๐๐ฆ: Finds Antigen or Antibody by colour line
๐ง๐๐ ๐: 5 - 15 Minutes
๐๐ข๐ฆ๐ง: Cheapest - Rs 200-500
๐ฆ๐๐ก๐ฆ๐๐ง๐๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ฌ: LOW - 70-80%
๐จ๐ฆ๐: Screening / Emergency
๐๐ซ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐๐: Malaria ICT, Dengue NS1, HBsAg card, HCV card
๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฅ: "๐๐๐ง = ๐๐ป๐๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ธ ๐ง๐ฒ๐๐" - Fast but can be False!
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฎ. ๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ - ๐๐ป๐๐๐บ๐ฒ ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐๐บ๐บ๐๐ป๐ผ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐
๐ช๐๐๐ง ๐๐ง ๐๐ข๐๐ฆ: Finds Antigen or Antibody by Enzyme Colour + Machine (OD value)
๐ง๐๐ ๐: 2 - 4 Hours
๐๐ข๐ฆ๐ง: Medium - Rs 800-1500
๐ฆ๐๐ก๐ฆ๐๐ง๐๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ฌ: HIGH - 95-99%
๐จ๐ฆ๐: Confirmation / Blood Bank
๐๐ซ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐๐: HBsAg ELISA, HIV ELISA, Hormones (T3,T4,TSH)
๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฅ: "๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ = ๐๐
๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐๐ป๐๐ฒ๐๐๐ถ๐ด๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป" - Gold Standard for Serology!
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฏ. ๐ฃ๐๐ฅ - ๐ฃ๐ผ๐น๐๐บ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป
๐ช๐๐๐ง ๐๐ง ๐๐ข๐๐ฆ: Finds DNA / RNA of organism (Not Antibody!)
๐ง๐๐ ๐: 4 - 8 Hours
๐๐ข๐ฆ๐ง: Expensive - Rs 3000-8000
๐ฆ๐๐ก๐ฆ๐๐ง๐๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ฌ: VERY HIGH - 99.9% - Can find 1 virus!
๐จ๐ฆ๐: Final Confirmation / Viral Load
๐๐ซ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐๐: HBV DNA PCR, HCV RNA PCR, HIV Viral Load, COVID PCR
๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฅ: "๐ฃ๐๐ฅ = ๐ฃ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐๐ผ๐ป๐ณ๐ถ๐ฟ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐" - Most Powerful!
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฅ๐ง ๐๐ข๐ฅ ๐๐ซ๐๐ :
๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ | ๐๐๐ง | ๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ | ๐ฃ๐๐ฅ
๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ฑ | Fastest | Medium | Slow
๐๐ผ๐๐ | Low | Medium | High
๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฝ๐น๐ฒ | Antigen/Ab | Antigen/Ab | DNA/RNA
๐ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ | No | Yes (Reader) | Yes (Thermal Cycler)
๐๐ฎ๐น๐๐ฒ +๐๐ฒ | Common | Rare | Very Rare
๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐๐ฉ๐ ๐ค๐จ๐๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ข๐ก:
๐ค: ICT Positive but ELISA Negative?
๐: ICT False Positive! Report ELISA.
27/09/2026
๐จ ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฃ๐๐๐ง ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐ก๐ง๐๐ ๐๐ก๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ก? ๐ฅ๐๐๐ ๐ง๐๐๐ฆ! ๐จ
๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐ง๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ป๐ผ๐
You took the EDTA tube FIRST and Serum tube SECOND...
Your report will show FAKE results! ๐
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ด ๐ง๐๐ ๐ฏ ๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ - ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ ๐๐น๐ฎ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป
๐๐ณ ๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฒ ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ด๐ฒ๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ = ๐ญ๐ฌ% ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐บ๐ถ๐ป๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป
๐ญ. ๐ฃ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฆ๐๐จ๐ (๐+) = ๐ฉ๐๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐๐๐๐ ๐
> 6.5 - 10.0 mmol/L
๐ช๐๐ฌ? Purple tube already has K2-EDTA salt inside!
๐ฎ. ๐๐๐๐๐๐จ๐ (๐๐ฎ) = ๐ฉ๐๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐ช ๐
> < 6 mg/dL
๐ช๐๐ฌ? EDTA chelates / binds Calcium!
๐ฏ. ๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐ฆ๐๐จ๐ (๐ ๐ด) = ๐ฉ๐๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐ช ๐
๐ช๐๐ฌ? Same - EDTA binds Mg also!
๐๐ข๐ก๐จ๐ฆ ๐๐๐จ๐: ALP will also be LOW!
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ง ๐ช๐๐๐ง ๐ง๐ข ๐๐ข ๐๐ฆ ๐ ๐ฆ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ง ๐ง๐๐๐?
โ
๐๐ข๐ก'๐ง ๐ฅ๐๐ฃ๐ข๐ฅ๐ง! Don't make panic call to doctor.
โ
๐๐ข๐ก'๐ง ๐ฅ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ง on same sample.
โ
๐๐ข ๐ง๐๐๐ฆ: Write on report -
๐ฆ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฃ๐๐๐ง๐๐ ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐ก๐ง๐๐ ๐๐ก๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ก - ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ข๐ช ๐๐ฎ ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ก. ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐ฅ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐๐ง
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
โ
๐๐ข๐ช ๐ง๐ข ๐ฃ๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ง?
๐๐ข๐ฅ๐๐๐ง ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐๐ฅ ๐ข๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ช:
๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ฃ ๐ญ: Blood Culture Bottle
๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ฃ ๐ฎ: PLAIN / SERUM Tube (Electrolyte)
๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ฃ ๐ฏ: Heparin Tube
๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ฃ ๐ฐ: EDTA Tube (CBC)
๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ฃ ๐ฑ: Fluoride Tube (Sugar)
๐ฅ๐จ๐๐: ๐ฆ๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ง, ๐๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฆ๐ง!
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ฌ ๐ข๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ก๐ ๐๐ข๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐๐ฉ๐:
"Hyperkalemia with Hypocalcemia is a diagnostic of EDTA contamination."
Share with your Lab Friends ๐งช
26/09/2026
Find out the numbers of difference
Question for MLT s professionals
9x Rule on LJ chart means?
A) Random error
B) Systematic error / Bias
C) Analytical error acceptable
D) Instrument OK
Challenge for MLT s
A patient has Fasting glucose 96mg/dl and HbA1c 6.2% means?
A) Normal
B) Prediabetes
C) Diabetes
D) Excellent control
๐งช ๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐! ๐ฌ
๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ = ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐
๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ ๏ธ Golden Rules:
๐ซ No repeated freeze-thaw! One vial = One time use!
๐ซ No mouth pipetting!
New QC Day! ๐งชโ๏ธ
Aliquot Right = QC Right! โ
Gentle Mix ๐ Clean Vials ๐งซ Proper Labeling ๐ท๏ธ Deep Freeze โ๏ธ
No Freeze-Thaw! ๐ซ
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