Real name of GM

Dogs from Herxheim (Germany, 7 thousand years ago), Cherry Tree Cave in Kirshbaumhol (Germany, Franconian Alb mountain range, 4.7 thousand years ago), Kartstein in Germany (12.500 thousand years ago). l.n., Kartstein Cave dog) and Newgrange are included in the C1 subclade, but they form a separate early subhaplogroup and are not included in the C1b and C1a subclades. The separation of dogs and wolves according to mtDNA data for 2017 occurred from 36.9 to 41.5 thousand years. n. About 17.5-23.9 thousand liters. n. there was a division of domestic dogs into two branches, one of which gave rise to the dogs of East Asia, and the other - the dogs of Europe, Africa, Western Asia and South Asia

A 2016 study of the complete genome of a 4.8 thousand-year-old dog from the vicinity of Newgrange, Ireland, and 59 mitochondrial DNA from dogs that lived from 14,000 to 3000 years ago, showed that East Asian dogs descended from their wild counterparts several millennia later. after the first domestication. After that, they were most likely transported to Europe, where they partially replaced the dogs domesticated there during the Paleolithic [65] [66]. Most of the ancient European dogs (63%) from this study (3.04-8.99 thousand years ago) had either mitochondrial haplogroup C (including the dog from Newgrange) or haplogroup D (20%, respectively), while as modern European dogs have either haplogroup A or B (64% and 22%, respectively). And most of the oldest dogs of this study (9.0-14.7 thousand years ago) also had haplogroup C and in second place they had haplogroup A

By studying the DNA of dogs, not only the paths of distribution of animals on the continents, the degree of kinship of certain breeds, but also the history of peoples, migration are traced.
The greatest genetic diversity of dogs exists in regions with a long tradition of dog breeding, according to scientists, these are the territories of East Asia, China, Tibet, Korea, Thailand, Cambodia and Japan.
DNA analysis shows that Korean dogs such as the Jindo and Sapsaree came to Korea from the northern regions of East Asia [61]. In different breeds, the genomes coincide by 99.85%, the remainder of 0.15% provides all the variety of dog breeds

The American biologist R. Wayne (eng. Robert Wayne) has carried out a series of works on the study of DNA among dogs of different breeds and wild canines. It turned out that Australian dingoes separated from a common ancestor earlier than others: they have the most ancient type of mitochondrial DNA. This is followed by the primitive breeds: the pariahs of the Middle East and African Basenjis. Eskimo sled dogs have a unique genetic structure: their DNA is so ancient that it is more similar to that of dingoes than wolves, with the exception of dogs or other breeds of dogs. This indicates that people brought the dogs to the Far North with them, and did not bring them out again, having domesticated the polar wolf

The evolution of dogs, their origins are now being studied at the molecular level.
A consortium led by comparative genomics professor Kerstin Lindblad-Toh at the Broad Institute has established that the dog genome consists of 39 chromosome pairs and 2.4 billion DNA nucleotide bases [54].
Scientists have also discovered about 400 hereditary diseases of dogs, most of the identified diseases have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance [55]. This means that for the disease to be transmitted to the puppies, both parents must themselves be genetic carriers of the disease.

So far, it cannot be said for sure whether the human domestication of the wolf caused a divergence between the dog and its ancestor, or whether this divergence was the result of the evolutionary path of the dog prior to human domestication. The second point of view has its supporters. They were biologists Raymond and Lorna Coppinger. In other words, according to this theory, man did not domesticate the wolf on his own initiative; the first step was taken by wolves, for some reason rejected by the main pack and moved closer to human habitation, where they could feed on garbage. These individuals needed not only not to attack a person, but also to win his trust and sympathy. That is, the dog, as it were, "tamed itself"

But at the same time, no correlation was found between mt-haplotypes and dog breed [15]. This may serve as evidence that breed differentiation began and occurred in genetically diverse populations of primitive breeds that were widespread throughout the world. Nuclear DNA studies have revealed a large genetic diversity in dogs. These data also suggest that the genetic pool of modern dogs evolved from a diverse gene pool [13] [16], which, in turn, may indicate multiple independent events of wolf domestication in different places and at different times. Despite the fact that modern data suggest the emergence of dogs in Southeast Asia about 12-15 thousand years ago [14] [17], in Western Russia at the same time there were already dogs diverging from the wolf

There are different scenarios for the beginning of the domestication of the wolf. In one of them, the initiative for the domestication of the wolf belonged to man, in the other, the wolf itself began to develop a new ecological niche near the sites of primitive man, that is, his "self-domestication" took place. Probably, its pioneers could be very rare, unique in behavior individuals, the most tolerant of humans. The first group of such animals could be strongly in**ed and subject to the processes of genetic drift. This initial population, multiplied in number, could, as some scientists suggest [11] [14], give the world all the variety of dogs. This hypothesis was put forward on the basis of mtDNA studies, which revealed a small number of mitochondrial lineages, which may indicate a limited number of founders of domestication events.

The dog is the oldest of all domestic animals. Scientists agree that the dog was domesticated in the Old World during the Upper Paleolithic; however, there is still no consensus in the scientific community about the exact location, timing and reasons for the domestication of the dog [12]. Rock carvings, drawings and archaeological finds allow scientists to draw some conclusions and assumptions. In the Volga-Oka interfluve, the dog is represented throughout the Mesolithic and, according to archaeologists, was the only domestic animal. Mesolithic dogs were distinguished by their large size and powerful jaws. Judging by the traces of butchering on the bones, the local population ate the dogs. Used skins and bones (for making needle holders). The main role of a dog of this period is a hunting assistant.

There are several hypotheses about the origin of the dog, the wolf and some types of jackals are considered its most probable ancestors.
In the judgments of scientists about the ancestors of the domestic dog, there are two points of view. Some believe that dogs are a polyphyletic group (descended from several ancestors), others are of the opinion that all dogs descended from one ancestor (monophyletic theory)
Ethologist Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize winner, put forward a theory about the origin of dogs from wolves and jackals [10], emphasizing the diametrical differences between their characters and habits.
The origin of a dog from a wolf is indicated by the complex results of a comparative analysis of chromosomes, behavior, morphology, vocalization, and the results of molecular genetic analysis