How long live GM

In 2009, a group of scientists led by Sarah Tishkoff of the University of Pennsylvania published in the journal Science the results of a comprehensive study of the genetic diversity of African peoples. They found that the oldest branch that experienced the least amount of mixing, as previously assumed, is the genetic cluster to which the Bushmen and other peoples who speak the Khoisan languages ​​belong. Most likely, they are the branch that is closest to the common ancestors of all modern mankind [28].

Until recently, it was believed that 60,000-40,000 years ago, people migrated to Asia, and from there to Europe (40,000 years), Australia and America (35,000-15,000 years) [

Comparison of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and fossil dating suggest that Homo sapiens appeared ca. 200,000 years ago (this is the approximate time when "Mitochondrial Eve" lived - a woman who was the last common ancestor of all living people on the maternal side; the common ancestor of all living people on the paternal side - "Y-chromosomal Adam" - lived several later) [27].
The inclusion of remains from Jebel Irhud and Florisbad in the group of early representatives of Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens, indicates, according to the authors of the publication in the journal Nature, that this species was distributed throughout the African continent 300 thousand years ago, and did not appear later in East or South Africa. These remains of Homo sapiens have a more oblong skull and slightly enlarged teeth compared to modern Homo sapiens, however, they do not belong to another species of Homo

Structural transformations of the brain
Enlargement of the cerebral cavity and brain
Development of bipedal locomotion (bipedalism)
Grasping hand development
Descent of the larynx and hyoid bone
Reducing the size of the canines
The appearance of the menstrual cycle
Reduction of most of the hairline.

The closest relatively reliably established ancestor of Homo sapiens was Homo erectus. Homo heidelbergensis, the direct descendant of Homo erectus and the ancestor of the Neanderthals, apparently was not an ancestor of modern humans, but was a representative of a lateral evolutionary line. Most modern theories link the emergence of Homo sapiens to Africa, while Homo heidelbergensis originated in Europe.
The emergence of man was associated with a number of significant anatomical and physiological modifications, including

Comparison of DNA sequences shows that the closest living relatives of humans are two species of chimpanzees (common and bonobos). ... Other representatives of this lineage (mainly Australopithecus and a number of species of the genus Homo) have not survived to this day.

From the point of view of zoological nomenclature, the lectotype of the species Homo sapiens is the eminent Swedish naturalist Karl Linnaeus (1707-1778). In the 10th edition of "Systems of Nature", the conditional date of publication of which, January 1, 1758, was adopted as the date of the starting point of the zoological nomenclature, Linnaeus described both the species Homo sapiens itself and several groups related to this species. However, he did not indicate type specimens either for the species or for the subspecies described by him, since at that time scientists were not engaged in typification of the taxa they describe. Until 1959, not a single person was recognized as a type specimen of the species of Homo sapiens - until the English professor William Thomas Stern, in his article on Linnaeus's contribution to nomenclature and taxonomy, wrote that "Linnaeus himself must become a type of his Homo sapiens."

In 2005, the remains were described, the age of which is about 195 thousand years (Pleistocene). The anatomical differences between the specimens prompted the researchers to isolate a new subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu ("Elder")
In 2017, scientists who examined finds from Moroccan Jebel Irhud, ca. 300 thousand years, included them, together with the skull from Florisbad (Homo helmei), distinguished by a mosaic of transitional features, into a special group of early representatives of the Homo sapien clade.
The oldest skull of a representative of the species Homo sapiens outside Africa, Manot 1, was discovered during the initial period of exploration of the Manot karst cave in 2008 [10] [11]. The skull of a reliable representative of Homo sapiens, found in Israel, is dated at 51.8 ± 4.5 or 54.7 ± 5.5 thousand years [12] [13].
The oldest bone of Homo sapiens, from which DNA was isolated, is approximately 45 thousand years old. According to the study, no genetic variants of Denisovans were found in the DNA of the Ust-Ishimts, and the proportion of Neanderthal genetic variants was minimal.

In the second half of the 20th century, a number of researchers suggested that Neanderthals be considered a subspecies of Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. The basis for this was the study of the physical appearance, lifestyle, intellectual abilities and culture of the Neanderthals. In addition, Neanderthals were often viewed as the direct ancestors of modern humans. However, a comparison of the mitochondrial DNA of humans and Neanderthals suggests that the divergence of their evolutionary lines occurred about half a million years ago [6]. This dating is incompatible with the hypothesis of the origin of modern humans from Neanderthals, since the evolutionary line of modern humans was isolated later 200 thousand years ago. Currently, most paleanthropologists tend to consider Neanderthals as a separate species within the genus Homo - Homo neanderthalensis.

Together with a number of extinct species, Homo sapiens forms the genus people (Homo). Homo sapiens differs from the closest species - Neanderthals - in a number of structural features of the skeleton (high forehead, reduction of the superciliary arches, the presence of a mastoid process of the temporal bone, the absence of an occipital protuberance - a “bone chignon”, a concave base of the skull, the presence of a chin protrusion on the mandibular bone, “kinodont” molars, a flattened rib cage, as a rule, relatively longer limbs) and the proportions of the parts of the brain ("beak-shaped" frontal lobes in Neanderthals, widely rounded in Homo sapiens). Currently, work is underway to decipher the genome of Neanderthals, which makes it possible to deepen the understanding of the nature of the differences between these two species.

Homo sapiens (Latin Homo sapiens [K 1]; mainly Latin Homo sapiens sapiens [K 2]) is a species of the genus People (Homo) from the hominid family in the order of primates. At the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, about 40 thousand years ago, its range already covers almost the entire Earth (except for the American continent, which was inhabited later, about 15 thousand years ago) [4] [5]. Apart from a number of anatomical features, it differs from other modern anthropoids by a relatively high level of development of material and non-material culture (including the manufacture and use of tools), the ability to articulate speech and highly developed abstract thinking [K 3]. Man as a biological species is the subject of research in physical anthropology. To date, there is not a single side or property of a person as an individual, individual or member of the human population that would not have been covered by special scientific research.