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Faiz Abdallah Ahmad ALQadase

مدرب

26/09/2025

Approach for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic state (HHS)

19/07/2025

SpO2 vs. PaO2 🩸🫁

🫁Oxygen measurements are not all the same!
It’s important to know the differences between readings and what these are truly measuring (percentage, pressure, etc.)

⭐SpO2 (oxygen saturation) → the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen
→ Most commonly measured with a pulse oximeter, or “pulse ox”, which is a small device which clips onto the patient’s finger. It’s a quick reading, and gives us an idea of the patient’s oxygenation status.
→ Take Note! Patients with COPD may have a baseline SpO2 which is lower than “normal”. These low numbers ARE normal for them! Be aware of their baseline & assess for deviations from this 🙂

⭐PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood
→Commonly assessed via ABGs (arterial blood gasses)
→ Check your facility protocol for ABG draws and A-line management
→Remember this is measured as a PRESSURE, so the units are millimeters of mercury, not a percentage (mmHg)

19/07/2025

Complications of IV therapy💦

Because assessment is everything!⚕️

💉Air embolism: air entry into the vein through IV tubing

💉Infiltration: leaking of IV fluid into the surrounding tissue

💉Infection: microorganism entry into the bloodstream through IV

💉Circulatory overload: rapid fluid administration

💉Phlebitis: inflammation of the vein; can lead to a clot

💉Hematoma: collection of blood in the tissues

06/07/2025

New-onset seizures in the elderly?
Think beyond epilepsy 🧠

Top causes:
Stroke (ischemic/hemorrhagic)
Brain tumors (primary/metastatic)
Alzheimer’s & dementia
Metabolic derangements (Na⁺, glucose)
Infections (CNS/systemic)
Meds & withdrawal
Always rule out mimics.

05/07/2025