DA- MAAN2 29

Cudurrada wadnaha ku dhaca (cardiovascular diseases) waa cudurro saameeya wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga (blood vessels). Waxay ka mid yihiin sababaha ugu badan ee dhimashada dunida. Qaar ka mid ah cudurrada wadnaha ugu waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah:

1. Xannuunka wadnaha (Coronary Artery Disease - CAD)
• Waxaa keena marka xididdada dhiigga ee quudiya wadnaha ay ciriiri noqdaan ama xirmaan sababo la xiriira dufan (cholesterol) urursan.
• Calaamadaha: xanuun laabta ah (angina), neef-qabad, daal badan, iyo mararka qaar wadne istaag (heart attack).

2. Wadne istaag (Heart Attack / Myocardial Infarction)
• Waxaa dhaca marka dhiiggu joojiyo inuu gaadho qayb ka mid ah murqaha wadnaha, taasoo keenta in murqahaas uu dhinto.
• Calaamado: xanuun daran oo laabta ah, neefta oo ku yaraata, dhidid badan, lalabo iyo suuxdin.

3. Wadne-garaaca aan caadiga ahayn (Arrhythmia)
• Waa marka garaaca wadnuhu noqdo mid aad u degdeg ah, aad u gaabis ah, ama aan joogto ahayn.
• Noocyada: Atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, bradycardia iwm.

4. Wadne-fashil (Heart Failure)
• Wadnuhu wuu garaacayaa, laakiin ma awoodo inuu si wanaagsan dhiigga ugu wareejiyo jirka intiisa kale.
• Calaamado: barar lugaha, daal joogto ah, neef-qabad, iyo calool-xanuun.

5. Dhiig-kar (Hypertension)
• Marka cadaadiska dhiiggu noqdo mid sare muddo dheer, waxay dhaawici kartaa wadnaha, maskaxda, iyo kilyaha.
• Waa “aamusnaan dilaa ah” sababtoo ah calaamado ma laha ilaa uu dhaawac gaarsiiyo xubnaha muhiimka ah.

6. Cudurka halbawlaha maskaxda (Stroke)
• Waxaa dhaca marka dhiigga maskaxda gaadha uu yaraado ama istaago, taasoo keenta in unugyada maskaxda dhintaan.
• Calaamado: wajiga ama jirka hal dhinac oo daciifa, hadal xumo, aragti dhibaato leh, iwm.

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Sababaha Halisda ah:
• Sigaar cabis
• Dhiig-kar
• Sonkorow (diabetes)
• Dufan badan oo jirka ah (high cholesterol)
• Cayil xad-dhaaf ah
• Dhaqdhaqaaq la’aan
• Cunto aan caafimaad lahayn
• Walwal iyo culeys maskaxeed badan

⸻

Ka Hortagga Cudurrada Wadnaha:
• Cun cunto caafimaad leh: khudaar, miraha, kalluunka, iyo saliid caafimaad leh (sida saytuunka).
• Jimicsi joogto ah samee.
• Jooji sigaarka iyo cabbitaannada khatarta ah.
• Xakamee cadaadiska dhiigga iyo sonkorta.
• Yaree walwalka, naso si fiican.

Dhiig kar, oo loo yaqaano Hypertension afka caafimaadka, waa xaalad caafimaad oo ku timaada marka cadaadiska dhiigga ee ku dhex jira xididdada dhiigga (arteries) uu noqdo mid aad uga sarreeya heerka caadiga ah. Cadaadiska dhiigga waxaa lagu cabbiraa laba nambar:
1. Cadaadiska Sare (Systolic Pressure): Waa cadaadiska dhiigga marka wadnuhu uu tuurayo dhiigga.
2. Cadaadiska Hoose (Diastolic Pressure): Waa cadaadiska dhiigga marka wadnuhu uu nasanayo intii u dhexeysa garaacista.

Heerka dhiig kar caadi ahaan waa marka cabbirka cadaadiska dhiigga uu ka sarreeyo 140/90 mmHg.

Calaamadaha Dhiig Karka

Badanaa dhiig kar wuxuu noqon karaa mid aan calaamado muuqda lahayn, laakiin xaaladaha daran waxaa ka mid noqon kara:
• Madax xanuun joogto ah.
• Indhaha oo madow ama arag daciif ah.
• Wadno garaac degdeg ah.
• Daal iyo wareer.
• Neefsashada oo kugu adkaata.

Sababaha Dhiig Karka
• Cunnooyin cusbada badan leh.
• Cayil iyo dhaqdhaqaaq la’aan.
• Cabidda sigaarka iyo khamriga.
• Walwal iyo culeys joogto ah.
• Cudurada beerka iyo kelyaha qaarkood.
• Dhiig karka dhaxalka ah.

Ka Hortagga iyo Maareynta Dhiig Karka
• Cun cunno caafimaad leh, oo cusbada ku yar tahay.
• Samee jimicsi joogto ah.
• Ka fogow cabitaanka sigaarka iyo khamriga.
• La soco miisaankaaga, hana u ogolaan inuu kor u bato.
• Samee nasasho iyo daawo walbahaarka.
• Haddii laguu qoro daawooyinka dhiig karka, si joogto ah u qaado oo talooyinka dhakhtarka raac.

Haddii aad ka shakisan tahay dhiig kar, si degdeg ah ula xiriir dhakhtar si loo baaro oo laguu siiyo daryeel ku habboon.

Xasaasiyadda dhiiga raacda waa xaalad halis ah oo caafimaad (loo yaqaano anaphylaxis) taasoo ah falcelin xad-dhaaf ah oo degdeg ah oo uu sameeyo hab-dhiska difaaca jirka (immune system) kadib marka uu la kulmo wax uu u arko khatar aad u weyn, sida:
• Cuntooyinka qaarkood (lowska, ukunta, caanaha, iwm).
• Dawada qaarkeed (penicillin, aspirin, iwm).
• Qaniinyada cayayaanka (shinnida, kaneecada, iwm).
• Waxyaabaha kale sida manka dhirta ama kiimikooyinka maqaarka.

Xaaladdan waxay sababi kartaa isbeddello daran oo ku yimaada jirka, sida hoos u dhac cadaadiska dhiigga, neefsashada oo ku adkaata, iyo xubno muhiim ah oo shaqadooda lumin kara.

Astaamaha Xasaasiyadda Dhiiga Raacda (Anaphylaxis):
1. Maqaarka:
• Cuncun daran oo jirka dhan ah.
• Maqaarka oo casaada, barara, ama finan yeesha.
2. Neefsashada:
• Neefsashada oo dhib ku noqota ama degdeg noqota.
• Cunaha oo ciriiri dareema ama barara.
• Codka oo hoos u dhaca ama afku fiyooba.
3. Wadnaha iyo Dhiigga:
• Wadnaha oo degdeg u garaaca.
• Cadaadiska dhiigga oo hoos u dhaca, taasoo keenta madax wareer ama suuxid.
4. Calool-xanuun:
• Lalabbo, matag, ama shuban.
• Xanuun caloosha ah.
5. Miyir-beelid:
• Dareenka oo luma ama dareen daal iyo nugul.

Maxaa La Sameeyaa? (Daryeel Degdeg ah)
• Wac ambalaasta isla markiiba haddii aad aragto calaamado anaphylaxis.
• Isticmaal epinephrine injector (haddii la heli karo) si degdeg ah.
• Ku jiifso qofka dhabarka iyadoo lugaha loo taagayo si dhiiggu ugu socdo wadnaha iyo maskaxda.
• Iska fogee wax walba oo keenay xasaasiyadda haddii ay macquul tahay.

Anaphylaxis waa xaalad nafta halis gelisa, waana in lagu daaweeyo cusbitaal si degdeg ah. Ka hor tagista waxaa ka mid ah in qofka uu iska ilaaliyo wax kasta oo uu ogaaday inay xasaasiyad ku keenaan.

Bladder Cancer Surgery
Surgery is part of the treatment for most bladder cancers. Different types of surgery might be done, depending on the stage (extent) of the cancer, as well as a person’s overall health and preferences.

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Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)

During a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), or transurethral resection (TUR), the doctor removes any tumors from the inner lining of the bladder, as well as some of the muscle layer of the bladder wall around the tumors.

TURBT is often used to find out if someone has bladder cancer and, if so, whether the cancer has grown into (invaded) the muscle layer.

TURBT is also the most common treatment for superficial bladder cancer, also known as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Most people with bladder cancer have NMIBC when they're first diagnosed, so this is usually their first treatment. Sometimes, a second, more extensive TURBT is done, usually a few weeks later, to help ensure that all the cancer has been removed. The goal is to take out the cancer cells and nearby tissues down to the muscle layer of the bladder wall.

How a TURBT is done

This procedure is done using a long, thin instrument put in through your urethra, so there's no cutting into the skin. You'll get either general anesthesia, which puts you into a deep sleep so you don’t feel pain, or regional anesthesia, which numbs the lower part of your body .

A type of thin, rigid cystoscope called a resectoscope is put into your bladder through your urethra. The resectoscope has a small telescope the doctor can see through and a wire loop at the end that's used to remove any abnormal tissues or tumors. The removed tissue is sent to a lab for testing.

After the tumor is removed, more steps may be taken to try to ensure that there is no more cancer in the bladder wall. For instance, the tissue in the area where the tumor was may be burned (using an electrical current) while being viewed through the resectoscope. This is called fulguration. Cancer cells can also be destroyed using a high-energy laser through the resectoscope. Most often, medicine is given into the bladder at some point after the TURBT to try to kill any remaining cancer cells. This is known as intravesical therapy.

Possible side effects

The side effects of TURBT are generally mild and don't usually last long. Right after TURBT you might have some bleeding and pain when you urinate. You can usually go home the same day or the next day and can return to your usual activities within a week or two.

Even if the TURBT removes the tumor completely, bladder cancer often comes back (recurs) in other parts of the bladder. This might be treated with another TURBT. But if TURBT needs to be repeated many times, the bladder can become scarred and might not be able to hold much urine. This can lead to side effects like frequent urination, or even incontinence (loss of control of urine).

In people with a long history of recurrent, non-invasive low-grade tumors (slow-growing tumors that keep coming back), the surgeon may just use fulguration to burn small tumors that are seen during cystoscopy rather than removing them. This can often be done using local anesthesia (numbing medicine) in the doctor’s office. It's safe but can be mildly uncomfortable.

Cystectomy

If bladder cancer has invaded the muscle layer of the bladder wall (muscle-invasive bladder cancer, or MIBC), or if there’s a high risk it might invade the muscle, all or part of the bladder may need to be removed. This operation is called a cystectomy.

Partial cystectomy

If the cancer has invaded the muscle layer of the bladder wall but it’s not very large and is only in one place, it can sometimes be removed along with part of the bladder wall, without taking out the whole bladder. The hole in the bladder wall is then closed with stitches. Nearby lymph nodes are also removed and tested for cancer spread.

Only a small portion of people with MIBC can have this surgery. The main advantage of this surgery is that the person keeps their bladder and doesn’t need reconstructive surgery (see below). But the remaining bladder may not hold as much urine, which means they'll have to urinate more often. The main concern with this type of surgery is that cancer might still occur in another part of the bladder wall. Because of this risk, this approach isn’t used very often.

Radical cystectomy

If the cancer is larger or is in more than one part of the bladder, a radical cystectomy is often the best option. This operation removes the entire bladder and nearby lymph nodes. In men, the prostate and seminal vesicles are also removed. In women, the ovaries, fallopian tubes (tubes that connect the ovaries and uterus), the uterus (womb), cervix, and a small part of the va**na are removed, too.

How a cystectomy is done

General anesthesia, which puts you into a deep sleep, is used for either type of cystectomy.

A cystectomy might be done through a long cut (incision) in the belly (known as an “open” approach). In some cases, the surgeon may operate through several smaller incisions using special long, thin instruments, one of which has a tiny video camera on the end to see inside your body. This is called laparoscopic surgery. It might also be referred to as “minimally invasive” or “keyhole” surgery.

Most often, laparoscopic surgery is done with the surgeon sitting at a control panel in the operating room and using robotic arms to do the surgery. Known as a robot-assisted cystectomy, or just robotic cystectomy, this type of surgery tends to result in less pain and quicker recovery because of the smaller cuts. But it hasn’t been around as long as the standard type of surgery, so there isn’t long-term data yet to show if it works as well.

Regardless of which approach is used, it's important that a cystectomy is done by a skilled surgeon with experience in treating bladder cancer. If the surgery is not done well, the cancer is more likely to come back.

You'll probably need to stay in the hospital for about a week after the surgery. Hospital stays tend to be a few days shorter after robotic cystectomy than after an open cystectomy. You can usually go back to your normal activities after several weeks.

Reconstructive surgery after radical cystectomy

If your whole bladder is removed, you'll need another way to store urine and pass it out of your body. Several types of reconstructive surgery can be done.

For more details on these different approaches, see Types of Urostomies and Pouching Systems.

Incontinent diversion (standard or conventional urostomy)

One option may be to detach and clean a short piece of your small intestine (from the section known as the ileum) and then connect it to the ureters (the tubes that carry urine out of the kidneys). One end of the section is then connected to an opening (stoma) in the skin on the front of your belly. This creates a passageway, known as an ileal conduit, for urine to pass from the kidneys to the outside of the body.

After this procedure, a small bag can be attached to the skin around the stoma to collect the urine. Urine slowly drains out non-stop, so the bag must be worn all the time and emptied when it's full. This is called an incontinent diversion, because you can’t control the flow of urine out of your body.

Continent diversion (continent urostomy)

In a continent diversion, a pouch is made from a piece of intestine that's attached to the ureters. One end of the pouch is connected to an opening (stoma) in your skin on the front of your belly. A one-way valve is created at this opening. This allows urine to be stored in the pouch. You then empty it several times a day by putting a thin drainage tube (catheter) into the stoma through the valve. Some people prefer this method because there's no bag on the outside.

Neobladder

This method routes the urine back into the urethra, so you pass urine the same way you did before the operation. To do this, the surgeon creates a new bladder (neobladder) from a piece of intestine. As with the incontinent and continent diversions, the ureters are connected to the neobladder. The difference is that the neobladder is also attached to the urethra. This lets you urinate normally on a schedule. You won't have the urge to urinate, so a schedule is needed. Over time, most people regain the ability to urinate normally during the day, but incontinence at night may be a problem.

Urinary diversion without a cystectomy

In some situations, such as if the cancer has spread or if it can’t be removed with a cystectomy, some type of diversion may be made without taking out the bladder. In this case, the purpose of the surgery is to prevent or relieve blockage of urine flow, rather than as part of treatment to try to cure the cancer.

Risks and side effects of cystectomy

The risks with any type of cystectomy are much like those with any major surgery. Serious problems during or shortly after surgery aren’t common, but they can include:

Reactions to anesthesia
Bleeding
Blood clots in the legs or lungs
Damage to nearby organs
Infection
Most people will have at least some pain after the operation, which can usually be controlled with pain medicines.

Effects of cystectomy on urination

Bladder surgery can affect how you pass urine.

If you have had a partial cystectomy, this might be limited to having to go more often because your bladder can’t hold as much urine.

If you have a radical cystectomy, you'll need reconstructive surgery (described above) to create a new way for urine to leave your body. Depending on the type of reconstruction, you might need to learn how to empty your urostomy bag or put a catheter into your stoma.

Aside from these changes, urinary diversion and urostomy can also lead to:

Infections
Urine leaks
Incontinence
Pouch stones
Blockage of urine flow
Absorption problems, depending on the amount of intestine that was used
The physical changes that come from removing the bladder and having a urostomy can affect your quality of life, too. Discuss your feelings and concerns with your health care team.

To learn a lot more about urostomies, see Urostomy Guide.

S*xual effects of radical cystectomy in men

Radical cystectomy removes the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Since these glands make most of the seminal fluid, removing them means that a man will no longer make semen. He can still have an or**sm, but it will be “dry.”

After surgery, many men have nerve damage that affects their ability to have er****ons. In some men, this may improve over time. For the most part, the younger a man is, the more likely he is to regain the ability to have full er****ons. If this issue is important to you, discuss it with your doctor before surgery. Newer surgical techniques may help lower the chance of er****on problems.

For more on s*xual issues and ways to cope with them, see S*x and the Adult Male With Cancer.

S*xual effects of radical cystectomy in women

This surgery often removes the front part of the va**na. This can make s*x less comfortable for some women, though most of the time it's still possible. One option is to have the va**na rebuilt (called va**nal reconstruction). There's more than one way to do this, so talk with your surgeon about the pros and cons of each. Whether or not you have reconstruction, there are many ways to make s*x more comfortable.

Radical cystectomy can also affect a woman’s ability to have an or**sm if the nerve bundles that run along each side of the va**na are damaged. Talk with your doctor about whether these nerves can be left in place during surgery.

If the surgeon takes out the end of the urethra where it opens outside the body, the cl****is can lose some of its blood supply, which might affect s*xual arousal. Talk with your surgeon about whether the end of the urethra can be spared.

For more on ways to cope with these and other s*xual issues, see S*x and the Adult Female With Cancer.

S*xual effects of urostomy

It’s normal people to be concerned about having a s*x life with a urostomy. Having your ostomy pouch fit correctly and emptying it before s*x reduces the chances of a major leak. A pouch cover or small ostomy pouch can be worn with a sash to keep the pouch out of the way. Wearing a snug fitting shirt may be more comfortable. You might also choose s*xual positions that keep your partner’s weight from rubbing against the pouch. For more tips, see Living With an Ostomy.

More information about Surgery

For more general information about surgery as a treatment for cancer, see Cancer Surgery.

To learn about some of the side effects listed here and how to manage them, see

Waa maxay Gaas calooled (Gastric )

**Gaas caloolaha** waa xaalad caafimaad oo caabuq ah oo ku dhaca xuubka gudaha ee caloosha ama mindhicirada (gastroduodenal mucosa). Gaasku wuxuu noqon karaa mid joogto ah ama waqti ku-meel gaar ah ah. Sababo badan ayaa keeni kara gaaska caloosha, sida infekshanka bakteeriyada loo yaqaan *Helicobacter pylori*, isticmaalka daawooyinka, ama isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee cabitaanada, sigaarka, iyo cunnooyinka carfiska leh.

# # # Calaamadaha (Symptoms) Gaaska Caloosha:
1. **Xanuun ama raaxo-darro caloosha:**
- Badanaa xanuunka wuxuu ku dhacaa qeybta sare ee caloosha, sida caloosha dhexdeeda ama agagaarka feeraha.
2. **Dareen gubasho caloosha:**
- Waxaad dareemaysaa gubasho caloosha dhexdeeda oo ku faafaysa dhinacyada sare ee caloosha.
3. **Cunaha ama afka oo dhanaan noqonaya:**
- Mararka qaarkood waxaad dareemaysaa dhanaan ama caraf aan fiicnayn oo ka yimaada cunto ama acid dib ugu soo laabto cunaha.
4. **Barar ama cuncun caloosha:**
- Waxaad dareemaysaa barar ama inaad buuxdo, xitaa marka aad wax yar cuntay.
5. **Matag iyo lalabbo:**
- Qaarkood waxay dareemaan inay matagi karaan ama laga yaabo inay dhab ahaan matagaan.
6. **Daacid ama calool-fadhi:**
- Waxay sababi kartaa inay calooshaadu aad u biyo-baxo (shuban) ama calool-fadhi.

# # # Sababaha Gaaska Caloosha:
1. **Infekshanka *Helicobacter pylori*:** Bakteeriyadan ayaa si caadi ah u keenta caabuq caloosha ah oo dhaawacaya xuubka difaaca leh ee caloosha.
2. **Daawooyinka NSAIDs:** Daawooyinka ka hortaga bararka iyo xanuunka ee aan steroid-ka lahayn (sida ibuprofen iyo aspirin) waxay dhaawacaan xuubka caloosha haddii la isticmaalo muddo dheer.
3. **Cabitaanka aash*tada leh iyo sigaarka:** Waxyaalaha aash*tada leh iyo sigaarka waxay kordhiyaan aash*tada caloosha oo dhaawac u geysan karta xuubka difaaca leh ee caloosha.
4. **Dhibaatooyinka cadaadiska iyo qaab-nololeedka (stress):** Cadaadiska iyo walbahaarka ayaa sidoo kale ka qeyb qaadan kara gaaska caloosha.

# # # Daawaynta Gaaska Caloosha:
1. **Daawooyinka Aash*tada Yareeya (Antacids):**
- Daawooyinkan waxay ka caawin karaan yareynta aash*tada caloosha ee sababa gubashada iyo xanuunka caloosha. Tusaale: magnesium hydroxide ama calcium carbonate.

2. **Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs):**
- Daawooyinka sida omeprazole iyo lansoprazole waxay si wax ku ool ah u yareeyaan soo-saarida aash*tada caloosha.

3. **H2 Receptor Blockers:**
- Daawooyinka sida ranitidine iyo famotidine waxay yareeyaan heerka aash*tada caloosha, taas oo yareyn karta calaamadaha.

4. **Antibiotics:**
- Haddii gaaska caloosha uu ka dhashay infekshan bakteeriyada *H. pylori*, dhakhtarku wuxuu kuu qori karaa antibiotics si loo dilo bakteeriyada.

5. **Bedelka qaab-nololeedka:**
- Iska yaree cabitaanada aash*tada leh iyo qaxwada.
- Ka fogaanshaha sigaarka iyo cunnooyinka carfiska leh ee kordhiya aash*tada.
- Iska ilaali inaad wax cunto ka hor hurdo.

6. **Daaweynta Cadaadiska iyo Walbahaarka:**
- Isku day inaad isticmaasho xeeladaha nasashada sida yoga, neefsashada qoto dheer, ama dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee jidhka si aad u yarayso walbahaarka.

**Ogow:** Haddii calaamadaha gaaska caloosha ay noqdaan kuwo daran ama aan is-beddelin ka dib muddo daawayn ah, waxaa muhiim ah inaad la xiriirto dhakhtar si loo baaro xaaladda oo loo hubiyo inaan wax dhibaato kale oo daran la socon.

Waa maxay Caabuq (urinary track infection )

**Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)** waa caabuq ku dhaca nidaamka kaadi-mareenka ee jirka. Nidaamka kaadi-mareenka wuxuu ka kooban yahay xubnaha kala ah kelyaha, kaadi-mareenka (ureters), kaadi-haysta (bladder), iyo kaadi-saaraha (urethra). UTI-ga wuxuu inta badan ku dhacaa kaadi-haysta iyo kaadi-saaraha, laakiin wuxuu gaari karaa kelyaha haddii aanu la tacaalin.

# # # Noocyada UTI:
1. **Cystitis:** Caabuq ku dhaca kaadi-haysta.
2. **Urethritis:** Caabuq ku dhaca kaadi-saaraha.
3. **Pyelonephritis:** Caabuq ku dhaca kelyaha, waa xaalad halis ah.

# # # Calaamadaha (Symptoms) UTI:
Calaamadaha UTI-ga waxay ku xirnaan karaan meesha caabuqu ka jiro:

1. **Calaamadaha UTI ee hoose (Lower UTI - kaadi-haysta iyo kaadi-saaraha):**
- Dareen gubasho marka aad kaadinayso.
- Kaadida oo urta si xun ama midabkeedu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn (tusaale ahaan, midab madow ama dhiig leh).
- Dareen joogto ah oo ah in aad kaadinayso, xitaa haddii aan wax badan kaadi ahayn.
- Cuncun ama raaxo la'aan dhinaca caloosha hoose.
- Daal ama dareen daal joogto ah.

2. **Calaamadaha UTI ee sare (Upper UTI - kelyaha):**
- Xanuun daran oo ku dhaca dhabarka ama dhinacyada.
- Qandho, kululaan, iyo dhidid.
- Lalabbo iyo matag.
- Dhiig ku jira kaadida.

# # # Sababaha UTI:
- Bakteeriyada (badanaa bakteeriyada Escherichia coli) oo ka soo gasha kaadi-mareenka.
- Caafimaad darro ama nadaafad la’aan marka laga hadlayo kaadi-saarida.
- Dumarka ayaa khatar u badan sababtoo ah kaadi-mareenka oo gaaban marka loo eego ragga.

Haddii aad isku aragto calaamadaha UTI, waxaa muhiim ah inaad u tagto dhakhtar si loo ogaado oo loogu daweeyo, maxaa yeelay haddii aan la daweyn, UTI-ga wuxuu noqon karaa mid halis ah oo waxyeello gaarsiin kara kelyaha.

Calcium Jirka Bini adam Aaad ayuu muhiiim ugu yahy markasta lasooc Calcium Jirkaada si aad uhesho Calcium Cun Cuntoyinkaas Hoos Ku sawiran

Dr.Adam Artan ali

WAA MAXAY QAAXADA LAFAHA (TB)

Qaaxada lafaha, oo ah nooc ka baxsan sambabada qaaxada, waa xaalad naadir ah laakiin laga yaabo inay daciifto oo ay keento bakteeriyada Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Marka qof qaaxo qaba uu qufaco, hindhiso, ama heeso, cudurku wuu fidi karaa. Tani waxay gelin kartaa dhibco yar yar oo jeermiska sidda hawada. Bakteeriyadu waxay markaas geli kartaa sambabada shakhsiyaadka kale ee neefsada dhibcahan. Haddii ay dhacdo shakhsiyaad ku nool meelo dhow ama kooxo waaweyn, qaaxadu si degdeg ah ayey u fidaa.

Inkastoo laga yaabo inay ku faafto gobol kasta oo jidhka ka mid ah, qaaxada badanaa waxay weerartaa sambabada. Inta badan, tiibishada waxa lagaga badbaadi karaa daawaynta h**e iyo daawaynta haddii daawaynta dhakhso u bilaabato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiibishada (TB) waxay awood u leedahay inay noqoto cudur dilaa ah.

Sababaha keena Qaaxada Lafaha
Marka qaaxadu jidhkaaga gasho oo ay ku faafto meel ka baxsan sambabadaada, waxa laga yaabaa inay kugu dhacdo TB lafo. Sida caadiga ah, nooca qaaxada ee hawadu qaado waxay u kala qaadaa qof ilaa qof. Marka aad qabtid TB, waxay geli kartaa dhiiggaaga oo waxay ka geli kartaa kala-goysyadaada, lafahaaga, ama qanjidhadaada iyada oo loo marayo kaaga sambabada ama qanjidhada qanjidhada.

Waxaa jira dhowr sababood oo lafaha ah, oo ay ku jiraan:

Ilaha ugu badan ee qaaxada lafaha waa faafidda bakteeriyada tiibishada ee sambabada.
Bakteeriyadu waxay ku faafi kartaa dhiigga, waxayna gaartaa lafaha iyo kala-goysyada.
Xaaladaha qaarkood, infekshanku wuxuu si toos ah uga soo baxayaa dhismayaasha u dhow, sida qanjidhada qanjidhada, ilaa lafaha.
Qaaxada laftu waxay sidoo kale ka iman kartaa fidinta tooska ah ee caabuqa ee ka yimaada unugyada ku xiga, sida lafdhabarta ama unugyada jilicsan ee ku wareegsan lafaha.
Calaamadaha Qaaxada Lafaha
Aqoonsiga calaamadaha TB-da lafaha ayaa muhiim u ah ogaanshaha h**e iyo faragelinta. Caadi ahaan dhaca bilo ama sannado, calaamadaha TB-da lafuhu si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u koraan. Calaamadaha iyo calaamadaha cudurka qaaxada ee suurtogalka ah waxaa ka mid ah:

Xanuun: Mid ka mid ah calaamadaha qaaxada lafaha ee ugu badan ee ku jira lafta ama kalagoysyada dhibban waa xanuun joogto ah oo soo noqnoqda. Waqti ka dib, xanuunku badanaa wuu ka sii daraa.
Bararka iyo qallafsanaanta: Bararka agagaarka aagga ay dhibaatadu saameysey, oo ay la socdaan cillado muuqda, waa calaamadaha TB-da lafaha. Naafanimadu waxay aad ugu badan tahay lafaha miisaanka qaada, sida laf dhabarta iyo miskaha.
Dhaqdhaqaaq xaddidan: Dhaqdhaqaaqa oo yaraada iyo qallafsanaanta kala-goysyada ayaa dhici karta, taas oo saameynaysa awoodda lagu sameeyo waxqabadyo joogto ah.
Calaamadaha habdhiska: Qandho, dhidid habeenkii, iyo kuwa aan la rabin miisaanka oo yaraada waxay la socon kartaa qaaxada lafaha, taasoo ka tarjumaysa dabeecadda habaysan ee cudurka.
Miisaanka dhimista: Sababta ugu weyn ee hoos u dhaca miisaanka jidhka waa jirro joogto ah, sida TB.
Dareenka: Bukaanku waxaa laga yaabaa inuu dareemo raaxo la'aan ka timaada cadaadiska wadajirka ama lafaha, iyo marka ay isku dayaan inay taabtaan aagga ay dhibaatadu saameysey, wuxuu dareemaa jilicsanaan.
Calaamadaha neerfaha (qaaxada laf dhabarta): Kiisaska ku lug leh laf dhabarta, calaamadaha neerfaha sida daciifnimo, kabuubyo, ama xiirid ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku dhacaan xajinta laf dhabarta.
Da'da: Dhallinyarada iyo carruurta, gaar ahaan kuwa ka yar lix iyo toban, waxay halis ugu jiraan inay qaadaan tiibishada lafaha. Laakiin sidoo kale waxay saameyn kartaa waayeelka.
Ogaanshaha Qaaxada Lafaha
Baaritaanka waqtiga iyo saxda ah ayaa muhiim u ah maaraynta waxtarka leh ee qaaxada lafaha. Xirfadlayaasha daryeelka caafimaadku waxay shaqaaleeyaan isku-darka qiimeynta bukaan-socodka, daraasadaha sawir-qaadista, iyo baaritaannada shaybaarka si loo ogaado cudurka, oo ay ku jiraan:

Qiimaynta Kiliinikada: Xirfadle caafimaad ayaa samayn doona taariikh caafimaad oo dhamaystiran iyo baadhis jidheed. Inta lagu jiro qiimeyntan, waxay aqoonsan yihiin calaamadaha caabuqa TB, sida bararka, raaxo la'aanta wadajirka ah, iyo wixii la mid ah.
Daraasaadka Sawirka: Raajooyinka, CT scans, iyo MRI ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah aragtida lafaha aan caadiga ahayn, oo ay ku jiraan nabarrada, qallafsanaanta, iyo ka-qaybgalka wadajirka ah. MRI waxay si gaar ah faa'iido u leedahay qiimeynta ku lug lahaanshaha unugyada jilicsan.
Biopsy: Ka-qaadista lafaha ama kalagoysyada ay saameysay ayaa inta badan lagama maarmaan ah si loo xaqiijiyo joogitaanka qaaxada Mycobacterium. Muunada unugyada waxaa lagu baaro mikroskoob, waxaana la sameeyaa dhaqamo si loo go'doomiyo bakteeriyada.
Imtixaanka Mantoux: A togan Baaritaanka Mantoux (Baaritaan maqaarka qaaxada) ayaa taageeri kara tuhunka qaaxada.
Tijaabada Silsiladda Polymerase (PCR): Waxa kale oo suurtogal ah in la isticmaalo PCR si loo baadho shaybaarada uu dhakhtarkaagu ururiyo. Tijaabadani waxay kordhisaa qurxinta hidda-wadaha mycobacterium waxayna caawisaa in la ogaado caabuqa iyadoo la eegayo tirada dareeraha.
Tijaabada Dhiiga: Tijaabooyinku waxay eegayaan caabuqyada firfircoon iyagoo cabbiraya borotiinka C-reactive iyo ESR.
Daawaynta Qaaxada Lafaha
Daawaynta lafaha waxay ku lug leedahay dawooyin badan oo antitubercular ah iyo, xaaladaha qaarkood, faragelinta qaliinka. Qaybaha muhiimka ah ee qorshaha daaweynta tiibishada lafaha waxaa ka mid ah:

Daawooyinka ka hortagga qaaxada: Antibiyootigyada inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa daawaynta tiibishada lafaha, laakiin nooca antibiyootiga ee la isticmaalo waxay ku xidhan tahay nooca bakteeriyada jirta, maadaama noocyada bakteeriyada qaarkood ee tiibishada sababa ay u adkaystaan ​​antibiyootiga qaarkood. Si loo xaqiijiyo habka ugu wanaagsan ee daawaynta, tijaabada u nuglaanta daroogada ayaa la sameeyaa. Iyada oo ku xidhan daawooyinka la isticmaalo, daawaynta daawaynta TB-da lafta inta badan waxa ay ka kooban tahay soo noqnoqoshada iyo qorshaha qiyaasta oo soconaya lix ilaa laba iyo toban bilood.
Qalliin: Faragelinta qalliinka ayaa laga yaabaa inay lagama maarmaan noqoto kiisaska burburka ballaaran ee lafaha, cilladaha laf dhabarta, ama joogitaanka nabarrada. Nidaamyada sida kala-baxa, isku-dhafka laf-dhabarka, ama beddelka wadajirka ayaa laga yaabaa in la sameeyo.
Daaweynta Taageerada: maamulka xanuun, daaweynta jireed, iyo taageerada nafaqeynta ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara maareynta guud ee tiibishada lafaha. Nasasho ku filan iyo baxnaanintu waa qaybaha muhiimka ah ee qorshaha daawaynta.
Ugu Dambeyn
Qaaxada lafaha, inkasta oo ay naadir tahay, waxay keenaysaa khatar caafimaad oo weyn sababtoo ah suurtagalnimada ay u leedahay inay keento itaaldarro iyo dhibaatooyin waqti dheer ah. Ogaanshaha sababaha iyo astaamaha ayaa muhiim u ah ogaanshaha h**e iyo faragelinta. Calaamado dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan xanuunka, bararka, cilladaha wadajirka ah, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa oo yaraada, ayaa ka dhalan kara. Si loo joojiyo horumarka cudurka iyo in la yareeyo fursadda dhaawaca wadajirka ah ee aan la soo celin karin, goor h**e oo la aqoonsan karo iyo calaamadaha TB-da lafaha daaweyntu waa lama huraan. Hel gargaar caafimaad sida ugu dhakhsaha badan haddii aad la kulanto wax calaamado ah.