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Now available in all Delhi please call on this number 7503970592

Contact on 7503970592

Please contact on 7503970592

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WHAT IS THE ALT TEST?
This blood test measures an enzyme called alanine transaminase (ALT). Enzymes are chemicals that help the cells of your body work. ALT is an enzyme made in the liver. It is released into the blood when tissues are damaged.
This enzyme is also called serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, or SGPT.
WHY IS THIS TEST DONE?
The ALT test checks for and measures damage to the liver. It is also done to check medical treatments that may affect the liver.
HOW DO I PREPARE FOR THIS TEST?

You may need to avoid taking certain medicines before the test because they might affect the test result. Make sure your healthcare provider knows about any medicines, herbs, or supplements that you are taking. Ask your provider before stopping any of your regular medicines.

Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any questions about the test.

HOW IS THE TEST DONE?
Having this test will take just a few minutes. A small amount of blood is taken from a vein in your arm with a needle. The blood is collected in tubes and sent to a lab.
Ask your healthcare provider when and how you will get the result of the test.
WHAT DOES THE TEST RESULT MEAN?
Some of the reasons your ALT level may be much higher than normal (up to 50 times the upper limit of normal) are:

You have liver damage from an acute viral infection such as hepatitis.

You have liver damage caused by medicines you have taken.

Your ALT levels may be higher than normal also if:

You drink too much alcohol.

You have mononucleosis.

You have liver or gallbladder disease, such as gallstones, liver cancer, or liver failure.

You have a muscle injury.

You are taking a medicine that affects the test result.

No medical problems are known to cause an ALT level that is lower than normal. Sometimes the test result may be lower than normal but it does not mean there is a problem.
WHAT IF MY TEST RESULT IS NOT NORMAL?
Test results are only one part of a larger picture that takes into account your medical history, physical exam, and current health. Sometimes a test needs to be repeated to check the first result. Talk to your healthcare provider about the results and ask questions, such as:

If you need more tests

What kind of treatm
What lifestyle, diet, or other changes you might need to make

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What is an SGOT test?
The SGOT test is a blood test that’s part of a liver profile. It measures one of two liver enzymes, called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. This enzyme is now usually called AST, which stands for aspartate aminotransferase. An SGOT test (or AST test) evaluates how much of the liver enzyme is in the blood.

Why it’s used
A SGOT test may be used to help your doctor diagnose liver damage or liver disease. When liver cells are damaged, SGOT leaks into the blood stream, raising your blood’s level of this enzyme.

The test may be used to evaluate liver health for people who are already known to have conditions that affect their liver, such as hepatitis C.

SGOT is found in several areas of your body, including your kidneys, muscles, heart, and brain. If any of these areas are damaged, your SGOT levels may be higher than normal. For example, the levels could be raised during a heart attack or if you’ve had a muscle injury.

Because SGOT appears throughout your body, part of the liver profile also includes an ALT test. ALT is the other essential liver enzyme. Unlike SGOT, it’s found in heaviest concentrations in the liver. An ALT test is often a more definitive indicator of potential liver damage.

How to prepare for an SGOT test
The SGOT test is a simple blood test. It can technically be done without any special preparation. Still, there are a couple steps you can take to make the process easier.

Avoid taking any over-the-counter (OTC) medications, including acetaminophen (Tylenol), in the two days before your test. If you do take them, remember to tell your doctor. You should tell your doctor about all the medications you’re taking before they administer the test so that they can account for them when reading the results.

Drink plenty of water the night before your test, too. Staying hydrated will make it easier for your technician to draw your blood. Make sure you wear something that allows your forearm — preferably up to the elbow — to be easily accessible for the technician to draw blood from.

What to expect during the procedure
The technician will call you back and have you sit down in a chair. They’ll tie an elastic band tightly around your arm and search for a good vein to use. Then they’ll clean the area before using a needle to draw blood from the vein.

It will only take them a minute to draw the blood into a small vial. After, they’ll apply gauze to the area for a moment, remove the elastic band, and place a bandage on top. You’ll be set to go.

You may have a small bruise for up to a week. Relaxing during the procedure as much as possible will prevent your muscles from tensing, which can cause pain during a blood draw.

The blood sample will later be processed by a machine. While it only takes a few hours to process the sample, it may take several days to get the results from your doctor.

Risks associated with an SGOT test
There are very few risks to having an SGOT test. Make sure you’re well hydrated the night before to help prevent episodes of feeling light-headed or faint. If you feel light-headed or faint following the procedure, let the technicians know. They’ll let you stay sitting and may bring you water until you feel well enough to get up and go.

What the results mean
If the results of your SGOT test are high, that means one of the organs or muscles containing the enzyme could be damaged. These include your liver, but also the muscles, heart, brain, and kidneys. Your doctor may order follow-up tests to rule out another diagnosis.

The normal range of an SGOT test is generally between 8 and 45 units per liter of serum. In general, men may naturally have higher amounts of AST in the blood. A score above 50 for men and 45 for women is high and may indicate damage.

There may be some variation in the normal ranges depending on the technique the lab used. The exact range of the lab will be listed in the report of the results.

Extremely high levels of AST or ALT indicate conditions that cause severe liver damage. These conditions include:

acute viral hepatitis A or hepatitis B
shock, or collapse of the circulatory system
extensive liver damage that’s likely caused by toxins, including an overdose of OTC medications like acetaminophen
What to expect after the test
If your SGOT test is inconclusive, your doctor may order additional follow-up tests. If they’re looking at your liver function or checking for liver damage in particular, they may also order the following:

Coagulation panel: This measures your blood’s ability to clot and evaluates the function of clotting-factor proteins produced in the liver.
Bilirubin test: Bilirubin is a molecule and by-product of the routine destruction of red blood cells, which occurs in the liver. It’s typically released as bile.
Glucose tests: A liver that isn’t functioning correctly may lead to unusually low glucose levels.
Platelet count: Low platelet levels may indicate liver disease.
All of these tests are blood tests and can be completed in a complete blood panel test (CBP). If other organs or muscles are thought to be the reason for your high AST levels, your doctor may order additional testing to diagnose the problem, such as an ultrasound of the liver.

What is bilirubin?
Bilirubin is a yellowish substance in your blood. It forms after red blood cells break down, and it travels through your liver, gallbladder, and digestive tract before being excreted.

Typically, bilirubin levels fall somewhere between 0.3 and 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Anything above 1.2 mg/dL is usually considered high.

The condition of having high bilirubin levels is called hyperbilirubinemia. It’s usually a sign of an underlying condition, so it’s important to follow up with a doctor if test results show you have high bilirubin.

Many babies are also born with high bilirubin, causing a condition called newborn jaundice. This causes yellow-tinted skin and eyes. It happens because, at birth, the liver often isn’t yet fully able to process bilirubin. This is a temporary condition that usually resolves on its own within a few weeks.

Read on to learn more about the symptoms of high bilirubin and what can cause it.

What are the symptoms of high bilirubin?
If you have high bilirubin, your symptoms will depend on the underlying cause. You can have mildly high bilirubin and have no symptoms at all. Or, with moderately high bilirubin, you may only have jaundice, a yellow cast to your eyes and skin. Jaundice is the main sign of high bilirubin levels.

Other general signs of many of the illnesses that cause high bilirubin can include:

abdominal pain or swelling
chills
fever
chest pain
weakness
lightheadedness
fatigue
nausea
vomiting
unusually dark urine
What causes high bilirubin?
Having high bilirubin can be a sign of several conditions. Your doctor will take your symptoms, as well as any other test results, into account to help narrow down a diagnosis.

Gallstones
Gallstones happen when substances like cholesterol or bilirubin harden in your gallbladder. Your gallbladder is responsible for making bile, a digestive fluid that helps break down fats before they enter your intestines.

Symptoms of gallstones include:

pain in your upper right abdomen or right below your chest
back pain between your shoulders or in your right shoulder
feeling sick
throwing up
Gallstones may form if your body is already producing too much bilirubin due to a liver condition or if your liver’s creating too much cholesterol. They can also be a complication of an infection of your bile ducts or from a blood disorder. Bilirubin builds up when your gallbladder’s blocked and can’t drain properly.

Gilbert’s Syndrome
Gilbert’s syndrome is a genetic liver condition that causes your liver to not process bilirubin properly. This causes it to build up in your blood stream.

This condition often doesn’t cause symptoms, but when it does, they can include:

jaundice
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
minor abdominal discomfort
Liver dysfunction
Any condition that affects the function of your liver can cause bilirubin to build up in your blood. This is a result of your liver losing its ability to remove and process bilirubin from your bloodstream.

Several things can affect the function of your liver, including:

cirrhosis
liver cancer
autoimmune disorders involving the liver, such as autoimmune hepatitis or primary biliary cholangitis
Common symptoms of liver dysfunction include:

jaundice
pain or swelling of your abdomen
swelling of your legs or ankles (edema)
exhaustion
nausea
vomiting
easy bruising
dark urine
pale, bloody, or black stools
itchy skin
Hepatitis
Hepatitis happens when your liver gets inflamed, often due to a viral infection. When it’s inflamed, your liver can’t easily process bilirubin, leading to a buildup of it in your blood.

Hepatitis doesn’t always cause symptoms, but when it does, they can include:

jaundice
exhaustion
dark urine
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
Bile duct inflammation
Your bile ducts connect your liver to your gallbladder the opening of your small intestine, called the duodenum. They help to move bile, which contains bilirubin, from your liver and gallbladder into your intestines.

If these ducts become inflamed or blocked, bile can’t be properly drained. This can lead to an increased level of bilirubin.

Symptoms of bile duct inflammation may include:

pale stools
dark urine
jaundice
itching
nausea
vomiting
unexplained weight loss
fever
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is a temporary condition that can happen during the last trimester of pregnancy. It causes bile drainage from your liver to either slow down or stop entirely. This makes it harder for your liver to process bilirubin from your blood, leading to high bilirubin levels.

Symptoms of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy include:

itchy hands and feet without a rash
jaundice
gallstone symptoms
Hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia happens when blood cells break down too quickly in your bloodstream. It’s sometimes passed down genetically, but autoimmune conditions, an enlarged spleen, or an infection can also cause it.

Symptoms of this hemolytic anemia include:

exhaustion
difficulty breathing
dizziness
headaches
abdominal pain
chest pain
jaundice
cold hands or feet

Should I be concerned?
In many cases, high bilirubin isn’t a sign of anything that needs immediate treatment.

But if you notice any of the following symptoms, call your doctor or head to urgent care just in case:

intense abdominal pain or tenderness
drowsiness or disorientation
black or bloody stools
vomiting blood
a fever of 101°F or higher
easy bruising or bleeding
red or purple skin rash
The bottom line
High bilirubin levels are usually a sign that something’s not quite right in your liver or gallbladder. Some of these conditions aren’t too serious, but it’s important to monitor and treat them.

Anyone with jaundice, the main sign of high bilirubin levels, needs to see their doctor. If your doctor isn’t immediately sure what’s causing your high bilirubin levels, you may need to return for additional blood, liver function, or other tests.

Why Get Tested?
To screen for, help diagnose and/or monitor several diseases and conditions, such as kidney disorders or urinary tract infections (UTIs)

When To Get Tested?
When you have symptoms, such as abdominal pain, back pain, frequent or painful urination; sometimes as part of a health examination, pregnancy check-up, hospital admission, or pre-surgical work-up

Sample Required?
One to two ounces of urine—a sufficient sample is required for accurate results; sometimes you may be directed to collect a sample using a "clean-catch" technique: women should spread the l***a of the va**na and clean from front to back; men should wipe the tip of the p***s. Start to urinate, let some urine fall into the toilet, then collect one to two ounces of urine in the container provided, then void the rest into the toilet.

Test Preparation Needed?
None

What is being tested?
A urinalysis is a group of physical, chemical, and microscopic tests. The tests detect and/or measure several substances in the urine, such as byproducts of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, cellular fragments, and bacteria.

Urine is produced by the kidneys, two fist-sized organs located on either side of the spine at the bottom of the ribcage. The kidneys filter wastes out of the blood, help regulate the amount of water in the body, and conserve proteins, electrolytes, and other compounds that the body can reuse. Anything that is not needed is eliminated in the urine, traveling from the kidneys through ureters to the bladder and then through the urethra and out of the body. Urine is generally yellow and relatively clear, but each time a person urinates, the color, quantity, concentration, and content of the urine will be slightly different because of varying constituents.

Many disorders may be detected in their early stages by identifying substances that are not normally present in the urine and/or by measuring abnormal levels of certain substances. Some examples include glucose, protein, bilirubin, red blood cells, white blood cells, crystals, and bacteria. They may be present because:

There is an elevated level of the substance in the blood and the body responds by trying to eliminate the excess in the urine.
Kidney disease is present.
There is a urinary tract infection present, as in the case of bacteria and white blood cells.
A complete urinalysis consists of three distinct testing phases:

Visual examination, which evaluates the urine's color and clarity
Chemical examination, which tests chemically for about 9 substances that provide valuable information about health and disease and determines the concentration of the urine
Microscopic examination, which identifies and counts the type of cells, casts, crystals, and other components such as bacteria and mucus that can be present in urine
See below for details on each of these examinations.

A microscopic examination is typically performed when there is an abnormal finding on the visual or chemical examination, or if a healthcare practitioner specifically orders it.

Abnormal findings on a urinalysis may prompt repeat testing to see if the results are still abnormal and/or may be followed by additional urine and blood tests to help establish a diagnosis.

How is the sample collected for testing?
One to two ounces of urine is collected in a clean container. A sufficient sample is required for accurate results.

Urine for a urinalysis can be collected at any time. In some cases, a first morning sample may be requested because it is more concentrated and more likely to detect abnormalities.

Sometimes, you may be asked to collect a "clean-catch" urine sample. For this, it is important to clean the ge***al area before collecting the urine. Bacteria and cells from the surrounding skin can contaminate the sample and interfere with the interpretation of test results. With women, menstrual blood and va**nal secretions can also be a source of contamination. Women should spread the l***a of the va**na and clean from front to back; men should wipe the tip of the p***s. Start to urinate, let some urine fall into the toilet, then collect one to two ounces of urine in the container provided, then void the rest into the toilet.

A urine sample will only be useful for a urinalysis if taken to the healthcare provider's office or laboratory for processing within a short period of time. If it will be longer than an hour between collection and transport time, then the urine should be refrigerated or a preservative may be added.

Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No advance test preparation is needed.
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मूत्र का विस्तृत विश्लेषण है यह urine की संरचना में परिवर्तन का पता लगाने में सहायता करता है जो कई विकारों के निदान में सहायता करता है |

जब urine का एक sample pathological laboratory में दिया जाता है, तो निम्नलिखित examinations की जाती हैं जिसे Urine Routine Microscopic या Urine R/M test कहते है |

Blood Smear कैसे बनाते है
Differential Leukocyte Count कैसे करते है
Leishman’s stain कैसे करते है

Physical Examination:

Volume:

Early morning के urine sample की Normal volume 50 – 300ml. है |
यदि यह 500 ml से अधिक है, तो यह मधुमेह (diabetes ) या पॉलीयूरिया (polyuria )(अक्सर मूत्र से गुजरता है) को इंगित करता है | यदि यह 20 ml से कम है, तो यह कुछ kidney disorder को इंगित करता है |

Color:

Urine का सामान्य color pale yellow है |
यदि यह dark yellow या orange color का है, तो यह liver disorder को इंगित करता है | यदि सफेद है, तो pus की उपस्थिति दिखाता है | यदि red color है, तो यह red blood cells की उपस्थिति को इंगित करता है | अगर brownish black है, तो यह melanin या homogenistic acid की उपस्थिति को इंगित करता है | यदि blue या green color है, तो यह liver disorder है | कभी-कभी, कुछ food या medicines के सेवन के कारण भी, कोई भी color या उसके urine में बदलाव देख सकता है exp: - बीट का सेवन urine से reddish color का color, विटामिन बी कैप्सूल का सेवन से dark yellow color, अगर Rifampicin लिया जाता है, तो urine का रंग orange color देता है |

Appearance:

आमतौर पर urine clear रहता है |
WBCs (White Blood Cells), epithelial cells. की उपस्थिति के कारण यह turbid दिखने लगता है | mucus के कारण यह धुंधला (hazy) होता है | red blood cells के कारण धुएँ के रंग का( Smoky) दिखने लगता है | स्काइल (लिम्फ) के कारण दूधिया(Milky) दिखने लगता है |

Reaction:

आमतौर पर urine acidic pH range 4.5 – 7.5 होता है |
यदि pH 4.7 से कम है तो यह अधिक अम्लीय है | यदि pH 7.5 से अधिक है तो यह अधिक क्षारीय है |

Odor:

आमतौर पर, यह normal conditions में aromatic होता है
diabetes में फल की गंध होता है | urine retention में Ammoniacal गंध होता है |
urinary tract infection के कारण गंदा सुगंध आता है |

Container के नीचे Deposit:

आमतौर पर, normal conditions में container के नीचे Deposit नहीं होता है |
यदि pus cells, red blood cells, cysts or epithelial cells मौजूद हैं, तो present, होता है |

Specific Gravity:

आमतौर पर Specific Gravity 1.003 से 1.060 तक होता है |
कम Specific Gravity diabetes insipidus या chronic kidney infection को इंगित करता है | High specific gravity, diabetes mellitus or acute kidney infection का संकेत देता है |

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