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Are you a female and sexual active?
If the answer to the above question is YES, you need to observe and follow measures to prevent cervical cancer.
✓Get a pap smear done
✓Get the HPV vaccine.
Being infected with certain types of Huma Papillomavirus (HPV),is the major cause of cervical cancer.
HBV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another during sex.At least half of sexually active people will have HBV at some point in time in their lives,but few women will get cervical cancer.
Screening tests and HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer.When cervical cancer is found clearly,it is highly treatable and associated with long survival and good quality of life.

PILE
Piles are swollen veins in the lower part of the a**s and re**um.When the walls of these vessels are stretched,they become irritated.
Piles is another name for hemorrhoids.Hemorrhoids are collections of inflamed tissue in the a**l ca**l.They contain blood vessels,support tissues,muscles,and elastic fibers.
CAUSES OF PILE
Enlargement of the veins around the a**s causes hemorrhoids.They can occur for the following reasons:
*PREGNANCY:They occur more commonly in the pregnant women because,as the uterus enlarges,it presses on the vein in the colon,causing it to bulge.
*AGING: Hemorrhoids are most common among adults.
*DIARRHEA: Hemorrhoids can occur after cases of chronic diarrhea.
*CHRONIC CONSTIPATION: Straining to move stool puts additional pressure on the walls of the blood vessels.
*HEAVY LIFTING: Repeatedly lifting heavy objects can lead to Hemorrhoids.
*A**L INTERCOURSE:This can cause new Hemorrhoids or worsen existing ones.
*OBESITY:Die-related,obesity can cause Hemorrhoids.
*GENETICS:Some poeple inherit tendency to develop Hemorrhoids.
SYMPTOMS OF HEMORRHOIDS
Symptoms of Hemorrhoids often include:
*Painless bleeding
*Itching or irritation in the a**l area
*Discomfort,pain,or soreness in the same area
*Lumps and swelling in the a**l region.
Symptoms can be relieved I'm the following ways:
*Topical cream and ointments
*Ice packs and cold compresses: Applying these to the affected area would help with the swelling.
*A sitz using warm water.
*Moist towelettes.
*Analgesics which would help reduce the pain and discomfort.
TYPES OF PILES
Hemorrhoids can either be Internal or External
*Internal Hemorrhoids:Internal hemorrhoids are deep inside the re**um and not visible from outside.
*External Hemorrhoids are under the skin around the a**s and are therefore visible.
PREVENTION OF PILES
The risk of developing hemorrhoids is greatly reduced when stools are kept soft.This can be of help in the following ways;
*NUTRITION:Eating plenty of foods rich in fibers,such as fruits and vegetables as well as whole grains.Deinking plenty of fluids(water) helps stools soft.
AVOIDING OVER STRAINING:When using the toilets,try not to strain.This creates pressure in the veins in the lower re**um.
*GOING TO THE TOILET WHEN NEEDED:People should not wait if they need to use the toilet .The longer they wait,the drier the stools will be.
*PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: Physical activity also helps stool move through the bowel.
*MAINTAINING A HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT:Being overweight significantly raises the risk of hemorrhoids.

HYPERTENSION
Hypertension,also known as high or raised blood pressure,is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure.
Hypertension is a serious medical condition and can increase the risk of heart,brain,kidney and other diseases.It is a major cause of premature death worldwide.Blood is carried from the heart to all part of the body in the vessels.Each time the heart beats,it pumps blood into the vessels.Blood pressure is created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels(Arteries),as it pumped by the heart.The higher the pressure,the harder the heart has to pump.
CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION
There are two types of high blood pressure which are:
1.Primary (essential) Hypertension:For most adults,there's no identifiable cause of high blood pressure.This type of high blood pressure tends to develop gradually over many years.
2.Secondary Hypertension:Some people have high blood pressure caused by an underlying conditions.This type of high blood pressure tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than primary hypertension.Various conditions and medications can lead to secondary Hypertension including:
*Kidney disease
*Thyroid problems
*Adrenal glands tumor
*Stress
*Drinking too much alcohol.
RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION
There are two types of risk factors which are:
*Modifiable risk factors include unhealthy diets(excessive salt consumption,a diet high in saturated fats,low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity,consumption of to***co and alcohol,and being over weight or obese.
*Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of hypertension,age over 65years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease.
COMPLICATIONS OF UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION
Among other complications,hypertension can cause serious damage to the heart.Excessive pressure can harden arteries,decreasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart.This elevated pressure and reduced blood flow can cause:
*Chest pain
*Heart attack,which occurs when the blood supply to the heart is blocked and heart muscle cells die from lack of oxygen.The longer the blood flow is blocked,the greater the damage to the heart.
*Heart failure,which occurs when the heart cannot pump enough oxygen to other vital body organs.
*Irregular heartbeat which can lead to a sudden death.
Hypertension can also burst or block Arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain ,causing a stroke.
Hypertension can cause kidney damage,leading to kidney failure.
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTENSION
Most people with high blood pressure have no signs or symptoms.A few people with high blood pressure may have headache,shortness of breath or nosebleeds,but these signs and symptoms aren't specific and usually don't occur until high blood pressure has reached a severe or life-threatening stage.
MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION
*Reducing and managing stress
*Regular checking of blood pressure
*Managing high blood pressure
*Managing other medical conditions.
PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION
*Reducing salt intake
*Eating more fruits and vegetables
*Being physically active in a regular basis
*Reducing alcohol consumption
*Avoid use of to***co
*Limiting the the intake of foods high in saturated fats.
Reducing Hypertension prevents heart attack,stroke,and Kidney damage,as well as other health problems.

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PUS
Pus is a whitish-yellow,yellow,or brown-yellow protein-rich fluid called "Liquor Puris" that accumulates at the site of an infection.
It consists of a buildup of dead,white blood cells that form when the body's immune system responds to the infection.
When the buildup is on or near the surface of the skin--it is called a "Pustule or Pimple".An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is called an "Abscess".
Pus is the result of the body's natural immune system automatically responding to an infection,usually caused by bacteria or fungi.
Leukocytes,or white blood cells are produced in a marrow bones.They attack the organisms that cause infection.
Neutrophils,a type of leukocyte,have the specific task of attacking harmful fungi or bacteria.Pus also contain dead bacteria.
Macrophages,another type of leukocyte,detect the foreign bodies and release an alarm system in the form of small,cell-signaling protein molecules called "Cytokines".
Cytokines alert the neutrophils,and these neutrophils filter from the bloodstream into the affected area.
The rapid accumulation of neutrophils eventually leads to the presence of pus.
Pus is a sign of infection.Pus after surgery indicates that there is a post-surgical complication in the form of an infection.
WHY IS PUS YELLOW
The whitish-yellow,yellow,brown-yellow,and greenish colour of pus is the result of an accumulation of dead neutrophils.Pus cam sometimes be green because some white blood cells produce a green antibacterial protein called "Myeloperoxidase".Pus can be yellow,green,or brown,and may some cases have a foul odour.
Antibiotics help the white blood cells attack the infection.This speeds up the healing process and prevents further complications with the infection.

FUNGAL INFECTIONS
A fungus is often a multicellular parasite that can decompose and absorb organic matter using an enzyme.Many fungal infections develop in the upper layers of the skin,and some progress to the deeper layers.
Those with a higher risk of developing a fungal infection include people who:
*Use antibiotics for a long time
*Have weakened immune system
*Have undergone a transplant,as they take medications to prevent their body from rejecting the new organ.
Antifungal infections include:
*Candidiasis
*Ringworm
*Athletes foot.
PRION DISEASE
A prion is a protein that contains no genetic material and is usually harmless.Scientist do not class prion as living microorganisms.However,if a prion folds into an abnormal shape, it can become a rogue agent and cause infection.Prion can affect the structure of the brain.
BACTERIAL INFECTION
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms,also known as Prokaryote.Bacteria can live in almost any type of environment,from extreme heat to intense cold, and some can even survive in radioactive waste.There are trillions of strains of bacteria,and few causes diseases in humans.
CAUSES OF AN INFECTION
The cause of an infection is whichever type of organism has entered the body.A specific virus ,for example,will be the cause of a viral infection.
The effects of an infection,such as swelling or runny nose occur due to the immune system attempt to get rid of the invading organisms.
A wonderful fills with pus,for example,when white blood cells rush to the site of an injury to contact foreign body.
SYMPTOMS OF AN INFECTION
The symptoms of an infection depend on the organism responsible,as well as the site of the Infection.
Viruses target specific cells,such as those in the ge****ls or upper respiratory tract.The rabbies virus,for example, target the nervous system.Some viruses target the skin cells, causing warts.
Others target a wide range of cells,leading to several symptoms.A flu virus can cause a runny nose,muscle aches,and an upset stomach.
A person with a bacterial infection will often experience redness,heat,swelling,fever,and pain at the site of infection,as well as swollen lymph glands.
A rash can indicate a fungal infection of the skin.However,viruses and bacteria may also cause skin conditions and rashes.
Common symptoms of prion diseases include:
*Rapid onset of brain damage
*Memory loss,and cognitive difficulties.They can also trigger the buildup of plaque in the brain,causing this organ to waste away.
PREVENTION OF AN INFECTION
There is no single method for preventing all infectious diseases.However,people should take the following steps to reduce the risk of transmission.
*Wah your hands often,especially before and after preparing food and after using the bathroom.
*Clean surface areas and avoid keeping perishable foods at room temperature for too long.
*Receive any recommended vaccinations and keep them up to date.
*Only take antibiotics with a prescription and be sure to complete the the recommended course,even if the symptoms improve at an earlier stage.
*Disinfect rooms that may have high concentrations of bacteria,such as the kitchen and bathroom.
*Reduce the risk of sexual transmitted infections(STIs)by receiving regular STI checks,using condoms or abstaining altogether.
*Avoid sharing personal items,such as toothbrushes,combs,razor blade,drinking glasses,and kitchen utensils.
Following an active lifestyle and eating a nutritional balanced diet can help keep the immune system strong and prime the body's defenses against different types of infection.

Infection is the invasion and growth of germs in the body.The germs may be bacteria,viruses,yeast,fungi,or other microorganisms.Infections can begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it.An infection can cause fever and other health problems,depending on where it occurs in the body.
An infection occurs when a microorganism enters a person's body and causes harm.The microorganism uses that person's body to sustain itself,reproduce and colonize.Thess infectious microscopic organisms are known as Pathogens,and they can multiply quickly.Examples of pathogens include:
Bacteria,Viruses,and Fungi.
They can spread in several different ways including through:
*Skin contact
*The transfer of bodily fluids
*Contact with f***s
*Ingesting contaminated water or food
*Inhaling airborne particles or droplets
*Touching an object that a person carrying the pathogens has also touched.
TYPES OF INFECTION
How an infection spreads and it's effects on the human body depend on the type of pathogen.
The immune system is an effective barrier against infectious agents.However,pathogens may sometimes overwhelm the immune systems ability to fight them off.
At this stage, an infection becomes harmful.Some pathogens have little effect at all.Others produce toxins or inflammatory substances that triggers negative responses from the body.This variation means that some infections are mild and barely noticeable,while others can be severe and life threatening.Some pathogens are resistant to treatment.
Infection can spread in variety of ways which are :
Bacteria,Viruses,Fungi,and parasites are different types of pathogens.They vary in several ways including size,shape,function and genetic content.
(1)VIRAL INFECTIONS
Viral infections occurs due to infection with a virus.Viruses invade a host and attack themselves to a cell.As they enter the cell,they release their genetic material.This material forces the cell to replicate the virus,and the viruses multiplies.When the cell dies,it releases new viruses,which infect new cells.
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CONTINUATION OF BREAST CANCER'S
STAGES OF BREAST CANCER'S
A doctor determines the stage of cancer according to the size of the tumor and whether it has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body.
STAGE0:This is also called Ductal Carcinoma in situ.The cancerous cells are only within the ducts and have not spread to surrounding tissues.
STAGE1:At this stage,the tumor measures up to 2cm across.it has not affected any lymph nodes,or there are small groups of cancer cells in lymph nodes.
STAGE2:The tumor is 2cm across and has started to spread to nearby nodes,or it is 2-5cm across and has not spread to the lymph nodes.
STAGE3:The tumor is up to 5cm across and has spread to several lymph nodes.
STAGE4:The cancer has spread to distant organs,most often,the bones,liver,brain,or lungs.
RISK FACTOR OF BREAST CANCER'S
*Age
*Genetics
*History of breast cancer or breast lumps
*Dense breast tissue
*Estrogen exposure and breast feeding
*Body weight
*Alcohol consumption
*Radiation exposure
*Hormone treatment
*Race.
SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER'S
Symptoms of breast cancer include;
*Armpit or breast pain does not change with monthly cycle
*Colour changes such has redness in the skin of the breast
*A rash around or on one ni**le
*Discharge from a ni**le,which may contain blood
*A sunken or inverted ni**le
*A change in the size or shape of the breast
*Peeling,flaking or scaling of the skin of the breast or ni**le.
DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER'S
A doctor often diagnosis breast cancer as a result of routine screening or when a persons symptoms.Test and procedures that can help the doctor make and confirm the diagnosis are;
BREAST EXAMINATION:This involves checking the breast for lumps and other possible indications of cancer.
IMAGING TESTS:Several types of scans can help detect breast cancer,including
Mammogram:This is the type of x-ray that doctors commonly use during initial breast cancer screening.It produces images that can show Lumos or abnormalities.
ULTRASOUND:This scan uses sound waves to help a doctor differentiate between a solid mass and a fluid-filled cyst.
MRI:This combines different images of the breast to help a doctor identify cancer or other abnormalities.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER
There is no way to prevent breast cancer.However,a person can take steps to significantly reduce their risk.These include;
*Limiting alcohol consumption,for people who drink
*Having a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables
*Getting enough exercise
*Maintaining a moderate body mass index.
TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
The most effective approach depends on several factors,including;
*They type and stage of the cancer
*The sentivity to hormones
*The person's age,overall health,and preferences.
The main treatment options include;
*Radiation therapy
*Surgery
*Biological therapy,or targeted drug therapy
*Hormone therapy
*Chemotherapy.
Breast cancer is still a leading cause of cancer death among females.A person maybe able to take steps to prevent breast cancer,such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and speaking with their doctor about the best pace of screening.

BREAST CANCER
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the breast.It can start in one or both breast.
Breast cancers can start from different parts of the breast.The breast is an organ that sits on top of the upper ribs and chest muscles.There is a left and right breast and each one has mainly glands,ducts,and fatty tissue.
In women,the breast makes and delivers milk to feed newborns and infants.The amount of fatty tissue in the breast determines the size of each breast.
The breast has different types which are;
*LOBULES are the glands that make breast milk.Cancers that start from here are called Lobular Cancers.
*DUCTS are small ca**ls that come out from the lobules and carry the milk to the ni**le.This is the most common place for breast cancer to start.Cancers that start here are called Ductal Cancers.
*THE NI**LE is the opening in the skin of the breast where the ducts come together and turn into larger ducts so the milk can leave the breast.
The ni**le is surrounded by slightly darker thicker skin called THE AR**LA. A less common type of breast cancer called paget disease of the breast.
*THE FATTY AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE(Stroma) surrounded the ducts and lobules and have keep them in place.
*Blood vessels and lymph vessels are also found in each breast.
TYPES OF BREAST CANCER'S
There are several types of breast cancer.The most common type is Ductal Carcinoma,which begins in a milk duct.Another type is Lobular Carcinoma,which begins in a lobule.Lobule is one the the tiny glands that produce milk.
"Invasive" breast cancer involves cancerous cells spreading to nearby tissue.It is then more likely that the cancer will spread to other parts of the body.
"Noninvasive"breast cancer remains in its place of origin.These cells may eventually become Invasive.
CAUSES OF BREAST CANCER'S
After puberty,a female's breasts are made up of of fat,connective tissue,and thousands of lobules.These are tiny glands that can produce milk.Tiny tubes,or ducts,carry the milk towards the ni**le.
Breast cancer develops as a result of genetic mutations or damage to DNA.These can be associated with exposure to estrogen,inherited genetic defects,or inherited genes that can cause cancer.
When a person is healthy,their immune system attacks any abnormal DNA or growths.When a person has cancer,this does not happen.As a result,cells within breast tissue begins to multiply uncontrollably,and they do not die as usual This excessive cell growth forms a tumor that deprives surrounding cells of nutrients and energy.
Breast cancer usually starts in the inner lining of the milk ducts or the lobules that supply them with milk.From there,it can spread to other parts of the body.
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ASTHMA
Asthma is a chronic condition that affects the airways.It causes wheezing and can make it hard to breath.
Asthma causes the inside walls of the airways,or the bronchial tubes to become swollen or inflamed.
Asthma is a long-term condition affecting children and adults.The air passages in the lungs become narrow due to inflammation and tightening of the muscles around the small airways.During an asthma attack,The airways will swell,the muscles around them will tighten,and it becomes difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs.
TYPES OF ASTHMA
Asthma can occur in many different ways and for many different reasons,but triggers are often the same.Here are some types of asthma;
(1)CHILDHOOD ASTHMA: Asthma is the most common chronic condition in children.It can develop at any age,but it is slightly more common in children than in adults.Some common triggers of childhood asthma include;
*Respiratory infections
*Allergens
*Sudden changes in temperature
*Stress and Exercise
*Excitement.
(2)ADULT--ONSET ASTHMA:Asthma can develop at any age,including during adulthood.Some factors that affect the risk of developing asthma in adulthood include;
*Respiratory illness
*Obesity
* Stress
*Smoking
*Hormonal factors.
(3) OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA: Occupational asthma results from exposure to an allergens or irritant present in the workplace.
In the following occupations,irritants can trigger asthma symptoms which include;
*Car repairs and manufacturing
*Engineering and metal work
*Wood work and carpentry.
Those with higher risk include people who smoke,have history of asthma or environmental allergies.
CAUSES AND TRIGGERS
Health practitioners do not know exactly what causes asthma,but genetic and environmental factors are seems to play significant roles.Causes include;
*PREGNANCY: Smoking during pregnancy appears to increase the risk of the fetus developing asthma later in life.
*OBESITY:There seem to be higher levels of asthma in people with obesity than those without it
*ALLERGIES: Allergies develop when a person's body becomes sensitized to a specific substance.Once the sensitization has taken place,the person will be susceptible to an allergic reaction each time they come into contact with substance.
*SMOKING.
*GENETIC FACTOR.
*ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR.
*STRESS.
*HORMONAL FACTOR.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of asthma include;
*Cough
*Wheeze
*Shortness of breath and chest tightness.
PREVENTION OF ASTHMA
Some of the prevention are as follows;
*Identify asthma triggers
*Stay away from Allergens
*Avoid smoke of any type
*Prevent cold
*Get your vaccination
*Take asthma medications as prescribed.

AMNIOTIC FLUID AND IT FUNCTIONS
Pregnancy is a joyous moment enjoyed by pregnant women from the moment you feel the first kick at 16weeks is usually a pleasurable moment that lasts for a long time.After conception,the baby begins to grow in a sac that is covered with fluid known as "AMNIOTIC FLUID" which allows the baby a wide range of movement in the womb.
Within the few weeks of conception,the amniotic fluid is produced and it is from the mothers fluid and also from the baby's urine.This fluid also contains some hormones and antibodies that helps to fight against infection and protects the baby against friction.
In the womb,the baby swallows the fluid at interval,if this doesn't happen,there will be over production of amniotic fluid leading to excessively large stomach and if it's too low,there's also a problem because it could cause the placenta to detach.
The functions of this fluid are numerous.These functions include:
*It prevents the fetus from infection.
*It provides the fetus with some hormones necessary for its development.
*It acts as a cushion thereby preventing shock.
*It helps to prevent the fetus from being adherent to the sac.
When ever your water breaks,go to the hospital immediately.
SAFE DELIVERY TO ALL PREGNANT WOMEN