Inexovet

📌 The standard anesthetic protocol includes:
🔹Midazolam 0.25-0.5 mg/kg
🔹Ketamine 10 mg/kg
🔹Isoflurane 3-1% 11/min.

📌In addition, we used:
🔹Maropitant 2 mg/kg
🔹famotidine 2 mg/kg
🔹Lidocaine 30 ug/kg/minute
🔹Amoxicillin 12.5 mg/kg
🔹Metronidazole 20 mg/kg
🔹crystalloid infusion.

Gastric Trichobezoar in a Galago 🐒
A 13-year-old female galago (960 g) was diagnosed with a large gastric trichobezoar during routine examination, confirmed by ultrasound and radiography, despite the absence of vomiting or other clinical complaints. Gastrotomy was performed to remove the hairball, with multimodal anaesthesia, analgesia, antimicrobial therapy and fluid support, and the patient is now recovering.

🖋Author: Anastasia Vysokikh (https://www.instagram.com/anastasia_vysokikh?igsh=cHE4eG5qbGw0ZGY5)

🐡The Most Important Water Parameters in an Aquarium 🐠

🔹 t° (Temperature) - affects metabolism, activity, digestion, and immune function. The optimal range depends on the species.
🔹 pH - indicates how acidic or alkaline the water is. Sudden changes can cause stress and disrupt physiological processes.
🔹 Chlorine and chloramine — harmful disinfectants that must be removed from tap water before it is used in an aquarium.
🔹 Ammonia (NH₃/NH₄⁺) - toxic nitrogenous waste. Ammonia toxicity increases as pH and temperature rise.
🔹 Nitrite (NO₂⁻) - toxic to many aquatic animals; elevated levels can interfere with oxygen transport in the blood.
🔹 Nitrate (NO₃⁻) - less acutely toxic than ammonia or nitrite, but chronic elevation can negatively affect animal health.
🔹 Hardness (GH) — reflects the concentration of dissolved calcium and magnesium; influences osmoregulation and mineral balance.
🔹 Carbonate hardness / alkalinity (KH) — indicates the water’s buffering capacity and helps stabilize pH.
🔹 Salinity / conductivity — important for assessing the concentration of dissolved ions and maintaining appropriate osmotic conditions, especially in marine and brackish systems.

❗️The ideal values depend on the species, life stage, and type of aquarium. Regular monitoring and stable conditions are often just as important as achieving a target value.

🐢Esophagostomy Tube Placement in Chelonians

🔹 Sedate or anesthetize the patient and prepare the lateral neck aseptically.
🔹 Measure the tube to estimate the required length to the stomach.
🔹 Introduce a curved hemostat through the mouth into the esophagus and create a small cervical incision over its tip.
🔹 Exteriorize the hemostat, grasp the tube, and pull it through the esophagostomy site before redirecting it into the stomach.
🔹 Confirm tube placement radiographically before feeding or medication administration.
🔹 Secure the tube with appropriate suture fixation and check patency and the stoma regularly.

Esophagostomy tubes can provide long-term nutritional support, fluids and medication in chelonians when repeated stomach tubing is stressful or impractical.

🖋Author: Polina Maratkanova (https://www.instagram.com/chipolina_vet?igsh=MWFxZnp2d2s1aDU4bw==)

🔥Exotics Made Easy: Demystifying Rabbits and Small Mammals

🖋 Author: Madonna Livingstone

This book includes:
🔹Species-specific medicine: anatomy, husbandry, transport, sexing, common diseases, diagnosis and treatment for rabbits and a wide range of small mammals.
🔹 Practical clinical skills: history taking, clinical examination, blood sampling, hospitalization, intubation and common surgical procedures.

✅ Let’s keep learning together! More book reviews on the way.

🐰🦠The cecum is the main fermentation chamber in rabbits — a highly specialized ecosystem where microbes digest fiber, produce energy, regulate immunity, and form cecotrophs.

Recent microbiome studies reveal new insights into its composition and clinical relevance.

🖋 Author: Elena Doronina (https://www.instagram.com/doctor_mulechka?igsh=MW1obHYyZGdqYWlhMQ==)

❗️Why is it important for an exotic-animal veterinarian to know these differences?
For exotic patients, anesthesia is often one of the highest-risk parts of a procedure.

Knowing the differences between sevoflurane and isoflurane helps the veterinarian choose an inhalant based on the specific patient and clinical situation:
🔹how quickly anesthesia needs to be adjusted
🔹how important rapid recovery is
🔹whether mask induction is being considered
🔹what cardiovascular or respiratory limitations are already present

🦦Treatment of the most common diseases in ferrets:

🔹 Adrenal gland disease
Medical: long-acting GnRH agonists such as deslorelin are commonly used.
Surgical: adrenalectomy can provide definitive treatment in appropriate cases; bilateral disease requires careful surgical planning.
Treat concurrent complications such as urinary obstruction or anemia.

🔹Insulinoma
Medical: frequent/high-quality feeding; glucocorticoids and/or diazoxide to control hypoglycemia.
Surgical: pancreatic nodulectomy or partial pancreatectomy when appropriate.
Monitor glucose closely and avoid prolonged fasting.

🔹Lymphoma
Treatment depends on localization and stage: chemotherapy, surgery for localized disease, corticosteroids and/or palliative treatment.
Protocol selection should consider age, clinical status and disease distribution.

🔹H. mustelae gastritis/ulceration
Multidrug therapy: typically an antibiotic combination + proton-pump inhibitor; sucralfate may be used for ulceration.
Provide analgesia, nutritional and supportive care.
Reduce stress and investigate concurrent disease or trichobezoar formation.

🔹GI foreign body
Endoscopic or surgical removal depending on location, size and obstruction severity.
Provide analgesia, fluid therapy and nutritional support.
Treat secondary gastritis/enteritis after removal.