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Three non-main climatic zones have a smaller area of ​​distribution, at the same time they form the features of the main climatic types of Spain in certain time periods (arid or rainy, wind rose….)
The mountainous type of climate is typical of those parts of Spain that lie at altitudes above 2,000 meters (mostly in the provinces). The local features are very hot summers and mild and cold winters. A very dry type of climate, similar to the desert, with low rainfall up to (150 mm per year) is observed in Cabo de Gata, it is one of the driest places in Europe.
The highest points of the Pyrenees and the Sierra Nevada (more than 3000 m) are characterized by alpine climatic features.
The Canary Islands are located in the subtropical zone. Temperature, moderate and stable (from 18 ° C to 24 ° C) throughout the year. In terms of precipitation, the eastern islands are semi-arid, the western ones are humid, with some very humid areas in the Homer and La Palma mountains (also called Laurisilva). In addition, the southern Mediterranean coast (Malaga and the coastal strip of Granada) is experiencing partial mixing of Mediterranean and subtropical climates.

It covers the area stretching from the Andalusian plains (almost the entire south of the peninsula), along the entire southern and eastern coasts of the country to the Pyrenees (limited to mountain ranges running parallel to the Mediterranean coast). In general, the precipitation period in this region is concentrated, mainly at the end of the autumn-winter cycle and in the spring season. Rains here are often irregular with probable periods of drought. The temperature in the Mediterranean climate zone is higher than in the continental hinterland. Seasonal and daily temperature changes do not have a significant amplitude of fluctuations. January temperatures typically average 10 ° C (+50 ° F) to 13 ° C (55.4 ° F) in most parts of the Mediterranean, and are only slightly cooler on the northeast coast (north of Barcelona). ). In winter, the temperature in the plains of Andalusia is also slightly lower than on the coast. Average temperatures in July and August range from +22 ° C (71.6 ° F) to 27 ° C (80.6 ° F) on the coast, and from 29 ° C (84.2 ° F) to 31 ° C (87 , 8 ° F) in the depths of the peninsula, the same period is characterized by low humidity. In the Mediterranean climate zone, there are significant wind currents (Leveche winds): hot and dry eastern or southeastern air currents that originate over North Africa. Occasionally, these winds sometimes bring with them the sand dust of the Sahara - these phenomena most often occur in the spring and are caused by a sudden (usually short) sharp rise in temperature in the desert. Cooler is an easterly wind coming from the Levant, gaining strength from the basins between the Penibetico Mountains and the Atlas Mountains in North Africa. These east winds are decisive because they form the features of the Mediterranean climate in the region, as they weaken the atmospheric temperature and increase

predominates in the northern part of the country (often called "Green Spain"), from the Pyrenees to the northwestern parts of the peninsula, and is characterized by relatively mild winters, warm but not hot summers and, in general, abundant rainfall - about 1000 mm throughout the year , and in the driest months above 30 mm per year. Temperatures fluctuate slightly (both day and season), ranging from +9 ° C (48.2 ° F) in January to 21 ° C (69.8 ° F) in July. The restraining effect of marine atmospheric phenomena on the coast, the farther inland and higher in the mountains of the northern Iberian Peninsula, the more intense temperature fluctuations. Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean also affects the amount of precipitation, so in the east it is less than on the oceanic west coast. Autumn, from October to December, is the longest rainy season, and July is the driest month. High humidity and prevailing frontal sea winds contribute to the formation of the climatic phenomenon of fog, which is the norm along the entire northwest coast, this phenomenon is not so common inland (mostly in small areas and closer to the cold season), the reason for its absence mountains, which become a kind of barrier to the pe*******on of wet cyclones from the sea or ocean.

. Continental winters are cool within −1 ° C (30.2 ° F), with strong winds and high humidity, despite low rainfall. With the exception of the mountainous regions of the northern foothills of the Iberian Mountains, frost and frost are common in cold periods. Summers are warm and cloudless, the average daily temperature is; 21 ° C (69.8 ° F) in the north of the Meseta and from 24 ° C (75.2 ° F) to 27 ° C (80.6 ° F) in the south of the Meseta, and night temperatures range from 7 ° C (44 , 6 ° F) to 10 ° C (+50 ° F) throughout the continental zone. In the Ebro river basin (which is at a lower altitude), there are some distinctive features - it is very hot in summer and the temperature can exceed 40 ° C (+104 ° F). In summer, the humidity is lowest in the Central Plateau and Meseta and in the Ebro Basin, except in the Rio Ebro area, where humidity is high.

covers most of the Spanish peninsula, it is formed due to the unique location of the peninsula and the natural and climatic features of the Central Meseta, the adjacent plateau mountains (both east and south), and the properties of the Ebro basin. The continental climate is characterized by wide fluctuations in daily and seasonal changes in temperature, low rainfall and irregularity with high evaporation, which leads to drought. The average annual rainfall is between 300 and 640 mm per year (most provinces in the Meseta region receive about 500 mm per year). In the north of the Meseta, the Central Plateau and the Ebro Basin, there are two rainy seasons, one in the spring (April-June) and the other in the autumn (October-November). In the south of the Moon, the wet seasons are spring and autumn, in the spring only one month is March, and the autumn period is generally moderately wet, but even in these wet seasons the rains here are irregular and short

Spain is a secular representative democracy and constitutional monarchy, [4] with King Philip VI as head of state. Spain is a developed country [5] with a high level of income, the fourth largest nominal GDP. The country is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, the Council of Europe, the Mediterranean Union, the North Atlantic Alliance, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Schengen Area, the World Trade Organization and many other international organizations. As a non-official member, Spain is a "permanent observer" of the G20 summits, participating in each of them, which de facto makes it part of the group.

In the early stages of modern times, Spain ruled one of the largest empires in history, which was also one of the world's first empires, leaving a large cultural and linguistic heritage of more than 570 million Hispanics, [3] making Spanish the second largest language. in the world, after the Chinese Mandarin. During the Golden Age, the country experienced the development of art, which resulted in the emergence of many famous artists, such as Diego Velazquez. The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote, was also published during this period. Spain is the third largest UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Modern humans first arrived on the Iberian Peninsula about 35,000 years ago. Iberian culture, along with Phoenician, ancient Greek, Celtic and Carthaginian settlements, developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BC. BC, after which the region was named Spain, based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp (a) n or Spania. [2] Towards the end of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribal confederations migrating from Central Europe invaded the Iberian Peninsula and established relatively independent kingdoms in their western provinces, including the Svevi, Alan, and Vandals. Eventually, the Visigoths forcibly united all the independent territories of the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Spain, into the Visigothic kingdom, which more or less united politically, ecclesiastically, and legally all the former Roman provinces and successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Spain.

With an area of ​​505,990 km2, Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe, the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union, and the fourth largest country on the European continent. With a population of over 46 million, Spain is the fourth most populous country in the European Union. The capital is Madrid; among other important metropolises are Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Malaga and Bilbao.

Spain (Spanish: España, MFA: [esˈpaɲa] - from Latin Hispania), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España) - a state in southwestern Europe, with overseas territories across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. Its continental European territory occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula. The country also includes two archipelagos: the Pythian Islands in the Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Veles de la Gomera make Spain the only European country with a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spain. The mainland is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east, with the exception of a small land border with Gibraltar; in the north and northeast it borders France (623 km) and Andorra (63.7 km); in the west - with Portugal (1214 km) and the Atlantic Ocean.