Bif and small GM

Over time, separate colonies were formed from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859[52]. The Northern Territory was founded in 1911 by carving out parts of South Australia[53]. South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia were founded as the so-called "free colonies", that is, they never brought prisoners[54], but the last two colonies soon began to import prisoners as well[en][55][56]. The reluctance of the inhabitants of New South Wales to accept convicts led to the end of the importation of prisoners to this colony; the last ship with convicts arrived in 1848[57] (however, the last ship with prisoners arrived in Australia on January 10, 1868, in the state of Western Australia).

The first British colony on the continent, New South Wales, was founded on January 26, 1788, when Arthur Phillip brought the First Fleet to Port Jackson[49]. This day later became a national holiday - the day of Australia. Van Diemen's Land (modern Tasmania) was settled in 1803 and received the status of a separate colony in 1825 [50]. The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia as its own in 1828[51], thus beginning to own the entire continent.

In 1642, the Dutchman Abel Tasman made a journey during which he discovered Van Diemen's Land (later called Tasmania) and New Zealand, which made a significant contribution to the exploration of Australia. He sailed past the east coast of Australia to the south coast of New Guinea in 1644 on his second voyage. He skipped the Torres Strait between New Guinea and Australia and continued to sail west along the Australian coast, eventually charting the western coast of Australia[44][45].
By the 50s of the XVII century, thanks to the Dutch navigators, the outlines of Australia were quite clearly drawn on the maps.

The discovery of Australia took place in 1606, when Willem Janszon landed on the coast of Australia on the ship Dyfken40, calling it New Holland and declaring it the possession of the Netherlands (it had never been mastered by the Dutch). In the same year, the Spanish expedition of Pedro Fernandez Quiroz landed on the New Hebrides and, believing that this is the southern continent, called it the Southern Land of the Holy Spirit (Spanish: Austrialis del Espiritu Santo)[41][42]. Later that year, Quiros' deputy, Luis Vaez de Torres, sailed through the Torres Strait and may have seen the northern coast of Australia.[

Some authors have tried to prove that Europeans visited Australia as early as the 16th century. Kenneth McIntyre[en] and other historians have claimed that the Portuguese secretly discovered Australia in the 1620s[38]. The presence on the maps of Dieppe[en] of the inscription "Jave-La-Grand"[en] (French Jave La Grande) was often perceived by them as proof of the "Portuguese discovery". However, the maps of Dieppe reflect the incomplete state of geographical knowledge of that era, both factual and theoretical[39]. While theories of pre-17th-century European visits continue to attract much interest in Australia and elsewhere, they are generally considered controversial and lack evidence.

Australia is a country with a highly developed economy, ranked 13th among the world's economies. Its economy provides the 13th place in the ranking of countries by income per capita [27]. Australia earns from the extraction and export of minerals, agricultural raw materials, telecommunications, banking and manufacturing [28] [29] [30]. Australia ranks first in various country rankings such as quality of life, health, education, life expectancy, economic freedom and protection of civil and political rights, 3rd in the world in terms of human development and 8th overall. development of democracy

Australia is the oldest [20], flattest [21] and driest continent [22] [23] with the least fertile soils on the planet [24] [25]. The country's vast size provides a variety of landscapes with deserts in the center, rainforests in the northeast, and mountain ranges in the east. [26] [19] Australia has rich, though not yet fully explored, natural resources.

Za sotnyu rokiv krayina zberehla ta stabilʹno pidtrymuye liberalʹno-demokratychnu politychnu systemu. Avstraliya — konstytutsiyna monarkhiya, yaku ocholyuye brytansʹkyy monarkh (Yelyzaveta II), predstavlena heneral-hubernatorom (Piter Kos·hrouv). Vykonavcha vlada v krayini predstavlena kabinetom ministriv na choli z prem'yer-ministrom (Skott Morrison), shcho pryznachayetʹsya dvopalatnym parlamentom. Federatsiya skladayetʹsya z 6 shtativ, yaki mayutʹ vlasni uryady i parlamenty, i 10 okremykh terytoriy. Avstraliya — holovna viysʹkovo-politychna syla v rehioni, 13-te mistse u sviti za viysʹkovymy vytratamy[13]. Avstraliya ye chlenom Orhanizatsiyi Ob'yednanykh Natsiy (UN), Velykoyi dvadtsyatky (G20), Spivdruzhnosti Natsiy, Tykhookeansʹkoho paktu bezpeky (ANZUS), Orhanizatsiyi ekonomichnoho spivrobitnytstva ta rozvytku (OECD), Forumu tykhookeansʹkykh ostroviv (PIF), Svitovoyi orhanizatsiyi torhivli (WTO), Aziysʹko-tykhookeansʹkoho ekonomichnoho spivrobitnytstva (APEC), mekhanizmu ASEAN +6. Avstraliya bula zaselena korinnymy avstraliytsyamy blyzʹko 60 tys. rokiv tomu[14]. Avstraliysʹki aboryheny rozmovlyaly movamy, shcho stanovlyatʹ 250 okremykh hrup[15][16]. Obrazotvorche mystetstvo aboryheniv, z yakym mozhna oznayomytysʹ na skelyakh u riznykh kutochkakh krayiny, ye naystarishym u sviti[17]. Upershe yevropeytsi z'yavylysʹ na kontynenti 1606 roku, tse bula hollandsʹka ekspedytsiya Villema Yanszona[7]. Skhidna chastyna Avstraliyi bula doslidzhena brytansʹkoyu ekspedytsiyeyu Dzheymsa Kuka naprykintsi XVIII stolittya[18]. 26 sichnya 1788 roku — natsionalʹnyy denʹ Avstraliyi, toho dnya bula zasnovana persha koloniya — Novyy Pivdennyy Uelʹs. 1829 roku z utvorennyam Zakhidnoyi Avstraliyi vsya terytoriya Avstraliyi bula vklyuchena do skladu brytansʹkoyi korony[18]. Do koloniyi na postiyne prozhyvannya zasylaly zasudzhenykh, tak brytantsi postupovo zaselyly pivdenno-skhidne uzberezhzhya kontynentu. Na pochatku 1850-kh rokiv u krayini rozpochalasʹ «zolota lykhomanka», shcho zbilʹshyla chyselʹnistʹ naselennya ta znachno pozhvavyla ekonomiku[19]. Naselennya kontynentu postiyno zrostalo, do 1850-kh rokiv bilʹsha chastyna terytoriy bula doslidzhena. Zahalom bulo stvoreno 6 samovryadnykh koloniy. 1 sichnya 1901 roku tsi koloniyi ob'yednalysya, utvoryvshy Avstraliysʹkyy Soyuz.
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For a hundred years, the country has maintained and steadily supports a liberal-democratic political system. Australia is a constitutional monarchy headed by a British monarch (Elizabeth II), represented by the Governor-General (Peter Cosgrove). The country's executive branch is represented by a cabinet headed by a prime minister (Scott Morrison), appointed by a bicameral parliament. The federation consists of 6 states with their own governments and parliaments, and 10 separate territories. Australia is the main military-political force in the region, 13th in the world in terms of military spending [13]. Australia is a member of the United Nations (UN), the G20 (G20), the Commonwealth of Nations, the Pacific Security Treaty (ANZUS), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), the World Trade Organization (WTO). , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), ASEAN +6 mechanism.

Australia was inhabited by Indigenous Australians about 60,000 years ago. Australian aborigines spoke 250 separate groups. [15] [16] Aboriginal art, which can be seen on the rocks in different parts of the country, is the oldest in the world [17]. Europeans first appeared on the continent in 1606, the Dutch expedition of Willem Jansson. The eastern part of Australia was explored by the British expedition of James Cook in the late eighteenth century. January 26, 1788 - National Day of Australia, on which day the first colony was founded - New South Wales. In 1829, with the formation of Western Australia, the whole of Australia was incorporated into the British Crown. Convicts were sent to the colony for permanent residence, so the British gradually settled the southeastern coast of the continent. In the early 1850s, a "gold rush" began in the country, which increased the population and significantly revived the economy [19]. The population of the continent was constantly growing, by the 1850s most of the territory was explored. In total, 6 self-governing colonies were established. On January 1, 1901, these colonies merged to form the Union of Australia.

Za sotnyu rokiv krayina zberehla ta stabilʹno pidtrymuye liberalʹno-demokratychnu politychnu systemu. Avstraliya — konstytutsiyna monarkhiya, yaku ocholyuye brytansʹkyy monarkh (Yelyzaveta II), predstavlena heneral-hubernatorom (Piter Kos·hrouv). Vykonavcha vlada v krayini predstavlena kabinetom ministriv na choli z prem'yer-ministrom (Skott Morrison), shcho pryznachayetʹsya dvopalatnym parlamentom. Federatsiya skladayetʹsya z 6 shtativ, yaki mayutʹ vlasni uryady i parlamenty, i 10 okremykh terytoriy. Avstraliya — holovna viysʹkovo-politychna syla v rehioni, 13-te mistse u sviti za viysʹkovymy vytratamy[13]. Avstraliya ye chlenom Orhanizatsiyi Ob'yednanykh Natsiy (UN), Velykoyi dvadtsyatky (G20), Spivdruzhnosti Natsiy, Tykhookeansʹkoho paktu bezpeky (ANZUS), Orhanizatsiyi ekonomichnoho spivrobitnytstva ta rozvytku (OECD), Forumu tykhookeansʹkykh ostroviv (PIF), Svitovoyi orhanizatsiyi torhivli (WTO), Aziysʹko-tykhookeansʹkoho ekonomichnoho spivrobitnytstva (APEC), mekhanizmu ASEAN +6. Avstraliya bula zaselena korinnymy avstraliytsyamy blyzʹko 60 tys. rokiv tomu[14]. Avstraliysʹki aboryheny rozmovlyaly movamy, shcho stanovlyatʹ 250 okremykh hrup[15][16]. Obrazotvorche mystetstvo aboryheniv, z yakym mozhna oznayomytysʹ na skelyakh u riznykh kutochkakh krayiny, ye naystarishym u sviti[17]. Upershe yevropeytsi z'yavylysʹ na kontynenti 1606 roku, tse bula hollandsʹka ekspedytsiya Villema Yanszona[7]. Skhidna chastyna Avstraliyi bula doslidzhena brytansʹkoyu ekspedytsiyeyu Dzheymsa Kuka naprykintsi XVIII stolittya[18]. 26 sichnya 1788 roku — natsionalʹnyy denʹ Avstraliyi, toho dnya bula zasnovana persha koloniya — Novyy Pivdennyy Uelʹs. 1829 roku z utvorennyam Zakhidnoyi Avstraliyi vsya terytoriya Avstraliyi bula vklyuchena do skladu brytansʹkoyi korony[18]. Do koloniyi na postiyne prozhyvannya zasylaly zasudzhenykh, tak brytantsi postupovo zaselyly pivdenno-skhidne uzberezhzhya kontynentu. Na pochatku 1850-kh rokiv u krayini rozpochalasʹ «zolota lykhomanka», shcho zbilʹshyla chyselʹnistʹ naselennya ta znachno pozhvavyla ekonomiku[19]. Naselennya kontynentu postiyno zrostalo, do 1850-kh rokiv bilʹsha chastyna terytoriy bula doslidzhena. Zahalom bulo stvoreno 6 samovryadnykh koloniy. 1 sichnya 1901 roku tsi koloniyi ob'yednalysya, utvoryvshy Avstraliysʹkyy Soyuz.
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For a hundred years, the country has maintained and steadily supports a liberal-democratic political system. Australia is a constitutional monarchy headed by a British monarch (Elizabeth II), represented by the Governor-General (Peter Cosgrove). The country's executive branch is represented by a cabinet headed by a prime minister (Scott Morrison), appointed by a bicameral parliament. The federation consists of 6 states with their own governments and parliaments, and 10 separate territories. Australia is the main military-political force in the region, 13th in the world in terms of military spending [13]. Australia is a member of the United Nations (UN), the G20 (G20), the Commonwealth of Nations, the Pacific Security Treaty (ANZUS), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), the World Trade Organization (WTO). , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), ASEAN +6 mechanism.

Australia, or the Commonwealth of Australia, is an independent federal state located in the Southern Hemisphere on the mainland of the same name, which also includes the adjacent large island of Tasmania in the south and many small surrounding areas, including Norfolk and Lord Gav in the Pacific Ocean, the Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean and others [7]. The area of ​​the country is 7,688,287 km2, which is the 6th place among the countries of the world and the first among the countries of Oceania [1]. Australia in the north is separated from Papua New Guinea by the waters of the Torres Strait, the waters of the Timor and Arafur Seas - from Indonesia and East Timor; in the east - the waters of the Coral Sea from the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia (France); in the southeast - the Tasman Sea from New Zealand