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In the struggle for independence, a National Congress was formed, which would put an end to British colonial rule. After gaining independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the largest party with its leader Jawaharlal Nehru, the first head of the Indian government. Until the mid-1990s, Indian politics was dominated by a party led by members of the Nehru-Gandhi family.
It was only after the conflict that erupted after the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya that serious interethnic and interfaith conflicts began to flare up in the country. In this situation, Indian society began to radicalize sharply, resulting in the popularity of extreme nationalist parties and movements. It was then that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) took the lead and its leaders managed to organize some far-right parties and, with the slogans of Hinduization of the country, seize power from confused conservatives (who were also plagued by internal corruption conflicts). And from 1998 to 2004, the BJP headed the government and a majority in the Indian parliament, and a more moderate representative, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, was elected head of government.

Starting with the third level of justice, there are separate civil and criminal courts at the district level. Civil courts in metropolitan areas (urban districts) include civil courts (within the city's jurisdiction), which also correspond to the level of district courts in rural districts. For criminal law in urban and rural areas, established criminal courts (Sessions). In addition, there are special courts in specific public spheres based on family and commercial law. The law also allows simple disputes at the lowest level to be resolved in village panchayats (Gram panchayat).
As a result of the long and careful application of British colonial jurisprudence in India, it is still common practice to apply law that is not based on law but on relevant court decisions using case law. The language of the court is English, and at lower levels, relevant regional official languages ​​may be used in discussions. The peculiarity of India is that each community (caste) has its own laws and regulations of family and inheritance law, it is common among Hindus and other religious communities - Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Muslim communities.

India has a unitary three-tier judicial system consisting of a Supreme Court headed by a Chief Justice of India, twenty-one state Supreme Courts, and a large number of courts of first instance. The Supreme Court is the first instance for fundamental rights cases and disputes between the state and the Center, and it has appellate jurisdiction. It is an independent judiciary and has the right to declare non-compliance, revision or exclusion of all-Indian or state-district laws that are contrary to the Constitution of the country. One of the most important functions of the Supreme Court of India is the role of the final interpretation of the country's Constitution.

In general, the legislature of India represents the Parliament of India (Sansad), which consists of the upper house, called Raja Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house, called Lok Sabha (House of the People). Raja Sabha, a permanent body of government with 245 members, has been operating for six years. Most of them are elected by the state and state legislatures in proportion to the population of those states. And 543 of Lok Sabha's 545 members are elected directly by popular vote and represent individual constituencies for five years. Two other members of the lower house are appointed by the president from the Anglo-Indian community if the president believes that it is not properly represented in government.

The Constitution of India entered into force on January 26, 1950. The preamble to the Constitution defines India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.
India has a bicameral functioning parliament similar in its functions and features to the Westminster type of parliamentary system. His form of government has traditionally been described as "quasi-federal" with a strong center and weak regions, but since the late 1990s, due to political, economic and social changes, it has become increasingly truly federal.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulates President-elect Ram Nath Kovin in New Delhi on July 20, 2017.
The President of India is the head of state and is elected by indirect election through a board of voters for a five-year term. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and performs the highest executive functions, is appointed by the President, the Prime Minister is elected by the party or political union of the parties that make up the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. The executive branch consists of the President, the Vice President, and the Council of Ministers of India, headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister must be a member of one of the chambers of parliament when receiving a portfolio.

In terms of economic development (purchasing power parity), India ranks 4th in the world. Currency - Indian rupee = 100 paise. Exports: tea, coffee, iron, steel, spices and condiments, textiles, precious stones and jewelry, machinery, chemicals, leather and leather goods, fish. Export partners: USA (17%), United Arab Emirates (8.8%), China (5.5%), Hong Kong (4.7%), United Kingdom (4.5%), Singapore (4) , 5%) (2004). Imports: oil, machinery and equipment, precious stones, mineral fertilizers, chemicals. Import partners: China (6.1%), USA (6%), Switzerland (5.2%), Belgium (4.4%) (2004)
The official language is Hindi and (temporarily) English, as well as 21 regional languages. Membership in international organizations: UN, Non-Aligned Movement, UNICEF, WHO, International Space Organization "Intersatellite", World Food Program, ILO, SAARC, IBRD, IDA, etc. India is the cradle of some of the most ancient civilizations. Due to its large population and pace of economic development, India is considered one of the potential superpowers.

The territory of India is 3,166,829 km2 (it is the 7th largest country in the world by geographical area). Length from north to south - more than 3000 km; from west to east - about 2000 km. Population - 1 billion 358 million people (2013; in 1990 - 844 million) This is the second largest population - after China - the state on planet Earth. The capital is New Delhi. Largest cities: Kolkata (over 16 million inhabitants), Mumbai (Bombay) (over 15 million inhabitants), Chennai (Madras) (6 million inhabitants), Hyderabad (5 million inhabitants), Bengaluru (4.5 million inhabitants), Ahmedabad 4 million inhabitants)

In the early Middle Ages, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism took root on the south and west coasts of India. [14] Invasions by Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently flooded the northern plains of India, [15] and eventually led to the founding of the Delhi Sultanate and the inclusion of North India in the cosmopolitan network of medieval Islam. [16] In the 15th century, the Vijayanagar Empire established a long-standing compositional Hindu culture in southern India. [17] Sikhism, which originated in Punjab, rejected institutionalized religion. [18] The Mongol Empire began two centuries of relative peace in 1526, [19] leaving a legacy of world architecture. [20] Then the board of the British East India Company was gradually established, transforming India into a colonial economy. [21] The reign of the British Crown began in 1858. The rights promised to the Indians were granted slowly, [22] but modern technological changes, reforms in education and public life were introduced. [23] An influential nationalist movement emerged, [24] which was marked by nonviolent resistance and led India to its independence in 1947.

Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. [2] Most of them were hunter-gatherers for a long time and lived in various forms of isolation, which made the region genetically diverse, second only to Africa. [3] Sustainable life originated on the subcontinent at the western edge of the Indus River Basin 9,000 years ago, gradually becoming an Indian civilization in the third millennium BC. e. [4] Until 1200 BC. The language of Sanskrit, the Indo-European language, spread to India from the northwest, forming the Rigveda language and beginning the culture of Hinduism in India. [5] The Dravidian languages ​​of India were driven out of the northern regions. About 400 BC Within Hinduism, there was a stratification and social rejection in the form of a caste system [7], as well as Buddhism and Jainism, which proclaimed social orders not related to heredity. [8] Early political consolidations gave rise to the Moorish and Gupta empires based in the Ganges basin. [9] Their collective epoch was full of developed creativity [10], but it was also marked by the decline of women's status [11] and the inclusion of inviolability in an organized belief system [12]. In southern India, the Middle Kingdoms exported Dravidian languages ​​and written culture to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia

India or Bharat (Hindi भारत, translit. Bhārat), the official name of the Republic of India (English: Republic of India, Hindi भारत गणराज्य, translit. Bhārat Gaṇarājya) [1] is a country in South Asia. India is the second most populous and seventh largest country in the world, as well as the most populous democracy in the world. Surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arabian Sea in the southwest and the Bay of Bengal in the southeast, and shares land borders with Pakistan in the west [a]; China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north, as well as Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. In the Indian Ocean, the country is close to Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.