GM and Dogs

The name of the breed ("badger dog") indicates that the dachshund was bred primarily for hunting badgers and foxes. The dachshund is launched into a hole where the animal is hiding - the dog's task is to find the animal, drive it into a dead end and inform the person about its whereabouts, then decide for themselves whether to "take" the animal on the spot or skillfully drive the animal out of the hole. The dachshund has a loud and low voice so that its barking can be heard underground. When hunters used this bark to determine the location of the beast, they opened the hole. In order to prepare the dog for hunting, or simply to preserve its hunting qualities for future generations, the dog is led to be poisoned in artificial burrows.

The movements of the dachshund should be graceful and skillful, despite its down-to-earthness, the dog should not give the impression of a wavy animal. In dachshunds, s*xual dimorphism is well expressed (bi***es are physiologically and psychologically different from dogs - usually smaller, with a thinner skeleton, etc.). The character is friendly, cheerful. Temperament is active but balanced; anger is considered a vice. Dachshund owners note two characteristics of these dogs: stubbornness combined with intelligence. Dachshunds understand up to 500 words.

Muzzle elongated, with a dry, thin nasal bone, with the least pronounced foot (transition from forehead to back of the nose). The back of the nose should be straight, slightly curved, the hump is considered a sign of aristocracy, purity of the breed. The ears are large, wide, oval, the front edge of the ear should be adjacent to the cheekbones; when the dog is ruffled, the outer plane of the ears should be perpendicular to the muzzle. The teeth are large, the dental system is very developed, given the small size of the dog.

Breed standards in all countries are approximately the same and have slight differences in color and weight standards. The FCI standard has been adopted in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States have their own standards.
According to the breed standard, the dachshund is a squat, stretched, but with a compact body dog, with a strong skeleton and relief, "dry" muscles.
Paws are short, and the front is usually more massive and more developed than the rear (especially in dogs), which is due to the appointment of a taxi to work in the hole. There are membranes between the fingers. Chest broad, muscular. A straight back line, a bulging waist, an arched spine or a sunken back are considered disadvantages.

Dachshunds come from hounds, but now, in the European standard breed FCI (International Cynological Federation), the dachshund is allocated to an independent, separate from the hounds, IV group. However, the British continue to count the tax on hounds.
It is unknown when the breed originated. It is possible that in ancient Egypt there were dogs similar to dachshunds, as indicated by images of the XXVIII-XXIII centuries. BC short-legged hunting dogs. Ancient Greek historians, such as Xenophon and Ariana, also described short-legged hounds.
Purposeful breeding of dachshunds, similar to modern ones, began in Great Britain and Germany in the middle of the XIX century. In particular, in Germany, Wilhelm von Daaks became a pioneer of dachshund breeding in 1860. The first breed standard was adopted in Germany in 1879, and in 1888 the German Teckel Club was founded (Teckel is the popular name for a taxi in Germany).

So far, it cannot be said for sure whether the human domestication of the wolf caused a divergence between the dog and its ancestor, or whether this divergence was the result of the evolutionary path of the dog prior to human domestication. The second point of view has its supporters. They were biologists Raymond and Lorna Coppinger. In other words, according to this theory, man did not domesticate the wolf on his own initiative; the first step was taken by wolves, for some reason rejected by the main pack and moved closer to human habitation, where they could feed on garbage. These individuals needed not only not to attack a person, but also to win his trust and sympathy. That is, the dog, as it were, "tamed itself"

But at the same time, no correlation was found between mt haplotypes and dog breed [15]. This may serve as evidence that breed differentiation began and occurred in genetically diverse populations of primitive breeds that were widespread throughout the world. Nuclear DNA studies have revealed a large genetic diversity in dogs. These data also suggest that the genetic pool of modern dogs evolved from a diverse gene pool [13] [16], which, in turn, may indicate multiple independent events of wolf domestication in different places and at different times. Despite the fact that modern data suggest the emergence of dogs in Southeast Asia about 12-15 thousand years ago [14] [17], in Western Russia at the same time there were already dogs diverging from the wolf

There are different scenarios for the beginning of the domestication of the wolf. In one of them, the initiative for the domestication of the wolf belonged to man, in the other, the wolf itself began to develop a new ecological niche near the sites of primitive man, that is, his "self-domestication" took place. Probably, its pioneers could be very rare, unique in behavior individuals, the most tolerant of humans. The first group of such animals could be strongly in**ed and subject to the processes of genetic drift. This initial population, multiplied in number, could, as some scientists suggest [11] [14], give the world all the variety of dogs. This hypothesis was put forward on the basis of mtDNA studies, which revealed a small number of mitochondrial lineages, which could indicate a limited number of founders of domestication events.

The dog is the oldest of all domestic animals. Scientists agree that the dog was domesticated in the Old World during the Upper Paleolithic; however, there is still no consensus in the scientific community about the exact location, timing and reasons for the domestication of the dog [12]. Rock carvings, drawings and archaeological finds allow scientists to draw some conclusions and assumptions. In the Volga-Oka interfluve, the dog is represented throughout the Mesolithic and, according to archaeologists, was the only domestic animal. Mesolithic dogs were distinguished by their large size and powerful jaws. Judging by the traces of butchering on the bones, the local population ate the dogs. Used skins and bones (for making needle holders). The main role of a dog of this period is a hunting assistant.

From a zoological point of view, a dog is a placental mammal of the order of carnivorous canines.
Dogs are known for their learning abilities, love of play, and social behavior. Special breeds of dogs have been bred for various purposes: hunting, guarding, horse-drawn transport and others, as well as decorative breeds (for example, lapdog, poodle).
If it is necessary to differentiate by s*x, the terms "male" (male) and "bitch" (female) are used; in everyday speech - "dog" and "dog", respectively. Baby dogs are called puppies or kitties.

A dog (Latin Canis familiaris, or Canis lupus familiaris) is a pet, one of the most popular (along with a cat) companion animals.
The domestic dog was described as a distinct species, Canis familiaris, by Linnaeus in 1758; this scientific name is now recognized by many reputable organizations such as the American Mammalogy Society [Some sources (eg ITIS and MSW3) adhere to an alternative classification in which the dog is considered a subspecies of the wolf (Canis lupus familiaris) [5] [6]. In Russian-language written sources, the word "dog" in the meaning of the corresponding animal has been found at least since 1475 (starting with the letter of Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Menshoy to the Kirillov Monastery)