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Both the growth of the population and the development of trade have gone forward faster since 1800, when Paul I, in addition to monetary subsidies, granted the city several important benefits[26]. In 1802, Odessa had 9,000 inhabitants, 39 industrial establishments, 1,564 houses, and in 1813 - 35,000 inhabitants and 2,600 houses. Income from commercial and industrial turnover increased ten or more times, although the city suffered significantly during the Russian-Turkish war (1806-1812) and the Patriotic War of 1812, as well as because of the plague in 1812, which claimed the lives of every ninth inhabitant cities

On August 22 (September 2), 1794, the Ekaterinoslav Metropolitan Gabriel (Banulescu-Bodoni) consecrated the foundation of the city and laid the first stones in it for the foundation of three Orthodox churches: the Holy Trinity, St. Nicholas and St. Catherine[24][25].
Earlier, before the publication of the rescript by the Empress to Osip Deribas (Jose de Ribas), he submitted a report to the Governor-General of Yekaterinoslav and Tauride, Prince Platon Zubov, along with a request to build the port and city of Gadzhibey, as well as plans drawn up by the engineer-colonel of the Russian army Franz de Vollan . De Ribas eventually managed to convince Catherine II, and thus his project for the foundation of the port and city was approved. The city was built according to the plan drawn up by de Vollan.

At the same time, some historians believe that the version about the location of the port of Kaczubyeiow mentioned in the chronicle of Jan Dlugosh on the site of Khadzhibey-Odessa is not sufficiently substantiated, and there are no other chronicle data on this matter [19]. No archaeological evidence for this hypothesis has been found. An indication of such an object in the lifetime editions of Beauplan's maps is also absent and is already a later insertion, in the very work of Beauplan "Description of Ukraine in 1651" Khadzhibey is not mentioned.

In the Middle Ages, the territory of the future Odessa was in the possession of various nomadic tribes (Pechenegs, Polovtsy), the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Ottoman Empire.
In 1362, after the Battle of Blue Waters, the coast was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. But only at the beginning of the 15th century, the Lithuanians founded their castle here called Kotsyubeev and a port pier (the first mention is 1415[18]). In 1484, these lands were conquered by the Ottoman Empire, and the local population was predominantly Tatars. By the end of the 15th century, Kachibey was a significant trading city

From the 5th century BC e. on the former territory of modern Odessa and the Gulf of Odessa there were ancient settlements in the harbor of Istryan and Isiak[17], the remains of one of which were discovered right under the current Primorsky Boulevard. The water level was different, lower, and the coastline ran much further than the Odessa lighthouse is now. It is not far from the lighthouse and behind it that ancient Greek artifacts are still sometimes found. Due to the lower water level, the Tendrovskaya Spit continued much further than now, and the settlement in the area of ​​the lighthouse actually controlled the exit from the mouth of the Bug and the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and thus was of strategic importance. Archaeological artifacts confirm the existence of links between the Odessa region and the eastern Mediterranean. The settlements were destroyed presumably in the 4th-3rd centuries BC. e. nomadic tribes from Asia.

From 1965 to 1980, in order to prevent landslides, landslide structures - breakwaters and breakwaters - were built along the coastline. These constructions not only separated the beach area from the sea, they led pipes of drainage systems, which discharge up to 20 million cubic meters of fresh water annually. As a result, the sea water on the coast became so desalinated that most of the marine biofilter animals died. In addition, the constructions have disrupted the natural water exchange, and beach bathing areas have practically turned into sewage ditches, where swimming and being on the shore are dangerous due to the seeding of dangerous bacteria in the sand. More than 250,000 E. coli cells were found in one liter of seawater, and the maximum number of bacteria in one liter of seawater at the popular Arcadia beach reached 2.4 million cells

Industrial facilities of mechanical engineering, chemistry and petrochemicals, fish processing and agricultural products contribute to air pollution and the generation of a significant amount of wastewater. 75% of the total emission of pollutants into the atmosphere comes from road transport and, in part, sea vessels, especially in summer. Odesa's sewage treatment plants are overloaded and outdated. Sewage breaks occur quite often, and a large amount of polluted sewage enters the sea. Almost after every downpour, Odesa beaches are closed for swimming due to the dangerous sanitary condition of the marine environment on the coast. The Danube, Dnipro, and Dniester rivers together carry about 100,000 tons of phosphates, up to 1 million tons of nitrates, and more than 2 million tons of organic matter into the sea per year. Due to the oxidation of organic substances, oxygen disappears in the water. The content of health-threatening bacterial microflora in seawater exceeds the norm by hundreds of thousands of times.

Odesa is a major port of Ukraine and has two satellite port cities — Chornomorsk (on the Sukh estuary) and Yuzhne (on the Hryhoriv estuary). This port node stretches along the Black Sea coast for 60 kilometers and creates rather stressful environmental conditions for the marine ecosystem of the region. Pollution of the marine environment occurs due to emissions into the sea of ​​untreated or insufficiently treated sewage from Odessa, as well as polluted surface runoff from the city territory. There is a threat of dangerous production in the Odesa Bay area. In the case of ammonia spillage from ammonia trucks and its release into the atmosphere, the zone of life-threatening damage will cover the entire coast of Odessa, starting from the city of Yuzhne, including Odessa itself, Kryzhanivka, Fontanka, Nova Dofinivka. After the completion of the construction of a 40 million ton oil terminal, with a technological platform 20 kilometers from the coast, in the event of a disaster, deadly areas can be formed within a radius of 7.5 kilometers; a moderately dangerous region within a radius of 12.5 kilometers.

The historical center of Odessa has been on the preliminary list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2009. In the central part of the city, there is an ensemble of buildings of the late 18th and 19th centuries in the styles of classicism, empire, modern, etc. There are climatic and balneological resorts within Odesa and its surroundings. Also under the city there is a large network of underground passages and labyrinths, which form one of the largest catacombs in the world with a length of tunnels of approximately 2.5 thousand kilometers.

The first settlements on the territory of Odessa were founded around the 7th century BC. e. — III century AD e. by ancient Greek colonists. In the 13th century this area was inhabited by the Nogai Horde, which after some time joined the Golden Horde. Around 1341, the coast was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which established the Kotsyubiy fortress here. In the 15th century it became part of the Ottoman Empire and was renamed Hajibey. In 1789, the fortress was conquered by the Russian Empire, which renamed it Odessa and gave it the status of a city. In 1819-1859, the porto-franco trade regime operated here, which contributed to rapid economic development. During the Ukrainian-Soviet wars, the city was part of the People's Republic of Ukraine, the Ukrainian state, Bolshevik and White forces. In 1920, it came under Soviet occupation and became part of the Ukrainian SSR. During the Second World War, in 1941-1944, it was under the occupation of Romania. Since 1991, it has been part of independent Ukraine.

Odesa is a city in Ukraine, Odesa region, Odesa district. Administrative center of the region and district. The third largest city in the country after Kyiv and Kharkiv. Located on the coast of the Black Sea. The largest sea trade port of the state. Cultural and educational, tourist, trade, transport center. A component of the Odesa urban territorial community. Population — 1,010,537 people (2022)[2]. The basis of the economy is transportation, machine-building, chemical, oil refining, food and light industry. There are 37 institutions of higher education, six theaters, eight cinemas, a philharmonic, a circus, museums, galleries, etc.