Dr Oliver Kaoma

*ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING* [ OPP ]🩺💉🖤
✓ This are substance that contains phosphate.

*Examples*
✓ insecticide [ doom ]
✓ nerve gases
✓ fertilizer
✓ neostigmine

*Routes*
✓ oral [ doom ]
✓ inhaled [ nerve gases]
✓ absorbed [ fertilizer]

*Pathophysiology*
✓ in OPP there is inhalation of an enzymes called *acetylcholinesterase* that breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, due to enzymes being inhibited they will access accumulation of acetylcholine btn nerves leading to *Acetylcholine toxicity*

*Clinical vignette* OR *Sign and symptoms*
# cholinergic system
✓ muscurine
✓ ni****ne
✓ CNS receptors

1) *MUSCARINIC SYMPTOMS*
[ DUMBELS as a neumonic ]
✓ D - Drooling, diarrhea
✓ U - Urination
✓ M - Miosis, constriction of pupil
✓ B - Bradycardia, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea
✓ E- Emesis
✓ L - Lacrimination
✓ S- Salivation

2] *NICOTINIC SYMPTOMS*
✓ tremors
✓ tachycardia
✓ hypertension
✓ muscle weakness
✓ fasciculations

3] *CNS RECEPTORS*
✓ confusion
✓ coma
✓ memory Loss

*INVESTIGATION*
✓ ACT - acetylcholine challenge test
✓ serum acetylcholine

*TREATMENT*
✓ admit the patient
✓ check airway, breathing n circulation.
✓ detoxification [ by removing exposed clothes and wash with soap and water.
✓ activated charcoal
✓ IV fluids eg normal saline and ringers lactate
✓ Oxygen
✓ gastric lavage
✓ Atropine [ 0.01- 0.05] 10- 20 minutes until we archive full antropinization .
✓ Plalidoxime 20 - 40 mg until muscle weakness disappear.

*SIGN OF ANTROPINIZATION*
✓ Dilation of the pupil
✓ dry mouth
✓ lungs will be Dry

*COMPLICATIONS*

# *long term complications*
✓ Cerebral palsy
✓ intellectual disability
✓ Epilepsy

*Short term complication*
✓ Dehydration.
✓ Muscle paralysis
✓ Acute kidney injury
✓ Liver damage
✓ Respiratory failure

🤕 Hydronephrosis is a medical condition where one or both kidneys become swollen due to the accumulation of urine 💧. This occurs when there is an obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract, preventing urine from flowing normally 🚽.

*Causes of Hydronephrosis* 🤔
1. _Kidney stones_ 💎: Stones in the urinary tract can block the flow of urine, leading to hydronephrosis.
2. _Tumors_ 🤕: Tumors in the kidney, bladder, or ureter can cause blockages.
3. _Congenital abnormalities_ 👶: Birth defects, such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction, can lead to hydronephrosis.
4. _Infection_ 🤢: Severe urinary tract infections (UTIs) can cause swelling and blockages.
5. _Trauma_ 🤕: Injury to the kidney or urinary tract can lead to hydronephrosis.

*Symptoms of Hydronephrosis* 🚨
1. _Pain_ 😓: Severe pain in the side or back, below the ribs.
2. _Nausea and vomiting_ 🤢: Feeling queasy or vomiting due to the buildup of toxins.
3. _Fever_ 🤒: Elevated body temperature, often accompanied by chills.
4. _Urination difficulties_ 🚽: Painful or frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate urgently.
5. _Blood in the urine_ 💔: Visible blood or discoloration of the urine.

*Diagnosis and Treatment* 💊
1. _Imaging tests_ 📸: Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the kidneys and urinary tract.
2. _Urinalysis_ 🧬: Testing urine for infection, blood, or other abnormalities.
3. _Blood tests_ 💉: Checking for signs of infection, kidney damage, or other underlying conditions.
4. _Surgery_ 🏥: To remove blockages, repair damaged tissues, or improve urine flow.
5. _Drainage procedures_ 💧: Insertion of a catheter or stent to drain urine and relieve blockages.

*Complications and Prevention* 🚨
1. _Kidney damage_ 🤕: Untreated hydronephrosis can lead to permanent kidney damage or failure.
2. _Infection_ 🤢: Bacterial infections can spread to the kidneys, causing sepsis or life-threatening complications.
3. _Prevention_ 🚽: Practicing good hygiene, staying hydrated, and managing

Problem u think that when u post videos of u smoking, kuma club ninshi u look cool..wala boi it shows ati taba ku Kusha bwino🥹😁

Iwe boi iwe, you can not be considered to be a Man pertaining to the number of ladies you sleep with, I mean having unprotected s*x with, remember you are just a junk doing nothing and you can't manage to take care of your own child including yourself😂, you are just putting someone's daughter in pressure and trauma because of your your 1min comfort, anyway guys S*x before marriage is Sin, not only a Sin but you can also make someone's Baby girl or daughter to be a SINGLE MOTHER OF ONE, and if you can do that, just know that you are a junk 😂 why can't you suffer with your messe?, grow up together after all you will not be the first ones to suffer in such manner😌, in case you have forgotten there is free condoms in the government clinics you can condomise to avoid being a junk father who can not support the poor growth of your innocent child, Hey bro you can do better by being the normal you and use that good communication before doing those things I mean S*x, you can be a preacher of your own in that room or unfinished building😂, we know you can't hold your hormones anymore kaili wakula but don't do that while you are in your father's house that's a true sign that you are junk 🤣 all in all you can live without s*x but it has to before 34 years to avoid prostate cancer as well and remember there's no peace here on earth because ma********on is a sin as well 😊. Tubana Twanu tutivuta muma Bus i can't eat my biscuit in peace mpaka tigabe na mwana wa junk awe its too much condomise guys😂

Hey boi, its not a curse being a single mother of one its a blessing, do you know how many are praying for that precious gift that you have out there?, the time you will be starting your life it will be 1+ abundant life gift, its just that you have to work for that child, remember you have two roles to play, you are both a mother and a father to that child, its only that it happened in under someone's shelter and its not suppose to be done twice, I guess you now know that unprotected s*x or protected sometimes vima ng'ambika ( bursting condoms), and doing the safe days thing remember its not everyone who goes for 28days without me**es and a s***m will be swimming there alive for 72 hours which is 3days before its death in the Va**na, remember again that you can avoid to be a single mother of two in someone's house.

Hello mwaiche, you can not only be a single mother of one after having unprotected s*x with that junk boyfriend of yours😡, its a sin and there's also Cervical cancer if you are not lucky, kindly go for Check ups at least after 6 months, I might need your presence in my near future.

Hey babe girl😊, just want to remind you that the happiness that you have today with your boyfriend will be different from the one you will have when things get sour 😪 kindly be careful I don't want to hear that you are a single mother of one, and s*x before marriage its a Sin and in case of anything there is condoms there ☺😔🥺

Hey Sis, welcome to our society we all know that you are now done with school, I just want to remind you that there also life in tertiary( university or college). In our society only your brothers will consider you as you are still young, the world keeps its own secrets hidden. We also know that you hate having a lot of female friends coz you are not a fun of quarreling, gossiping and other things, and you chose to have male friends instead, it's good👍🏽. I would like you know that there is this kind of male friends, some call them besties kindly be careful especially when visiting them, those guys will not marry you if you are not lucky, there's also this word kindly tie it in your wrist; s*xual coercion is ("the act of using pressure, force to have s*xual contact with someone against his or her will). We don't want to have more something like, I am the single mother of one in case you don't want to disappoint that male friend of yours and you have accept it to have s*x with him in the name of forcing you, kindly advise him to use condom, otherwise s*x before marriage is a Sin, but all in all you will suffer alone if at all something will happen.
NOTE: not all your male friends that you are visiting are normal some will enjoy your suffering when forcing having s*x with you and he will not have time for protected S*x We call it masokism. AVOID BEING A SINGLE MOTHER OF ONE WITHOUT A RESPONSIBLE FATHER TO SUPPORT YOUR A CHILD !!!.

Hey Ladies unplanned and unprotected s*x feels good, but remember that you will suffer alone at the end and you will be like am the single mother of one, remember you can avoid it by having a good communication with your junk boyfriend than landing you into problems kuli nama condoms, we know you are stubborn, let's avoid s*x before marriage.🤨

Quick reminder about this condition